[CP] Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 1884; see also M. Boule, Bull. de la Soc. philomath. de Paris, 8e sér. i., p. 87.
Two glacial epochs have similarly been admitted for the Pyrenees;[CQ] but Dr. Penck some years ago brought forward evidence to show that these mountains, like the Alps, have experienced three separate and distinct periods of glaciation.[CR]
[CQ] Garrigou: Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 2e sér. xxiv., p. 577. Jeanbernat: Bull. de Soc. d’Hist. nat. de Toulouse, iv., pp. 114, 138. Piette: Bull. Soc. géol. de France, 3e sér. ii., pp. 503, 507.
[CR] Mitteilungen d. Vereins f. Erdkunde zu Leipzig, 1883.
We may now return to Scotland, and consider briefly the changes that followed upon the disappearance of the local ice-sheets and large valley-glaciers of our mountain-regions. The evidence is fortunately clear and complete. In the valley of the Tay, for example, at and below Perth, we encounter the following succession of deposits:—
6. Recent alluvia.
5. Carse-deposits, 45 feet above sea-level.
4. Peat and forest bed.
3. Old alluvia.
2. Clays, etc., of 100-feet beach.
1. Boulder-clay.
The old alluvia (3) are obviously of fluviatile origin, and show us that after the deposition of the clays, etc., of the 100-feet beach the sea retreated, and allowed the Tay and its tributaries to plough their way down through the marine and estuarine deposits of the “third” glacial epoch. These deposits would appear to have extended at first as a broad and approximately level plain over all the lower reaches of the valleys. Through this plain the Tay and the Earn cut their way to a depth of more than 100 feet, and gradually removed all the material over a course which can hardly be less than 2 miles in breadth below the Bridge of Earn, and considerably exceeds that in the Carse of Gowrie. No organic remains occur in the “old alluvia,” but the deposits consist principally of gravel and sand, and show not a trace of ice-action. Immediately overlying them comes the well-known peat-bed (4). This is a mass of vegetable matter, varying in thickness from a few inches up to 3 or 4 feet. In some places it seems to be made up chiefly of reed-like plants and sedges and occasional mosses, commingled with which are abundant fragments of birch, alder, willow, hazel, and pine. In other places it contains trunks and stools of oak and hazel, with hazel-nuts—the trees being rooted in the subjacent deposits. It is generally highly compressed and readily splits into laminæ, upon the surface of which many small reeds, and now and again wing-cases of beetles, may be detected. A large proportion of the woody débris—twigs, branches, and trunks—appears to have been drifted. A “dug-out” canoe of pine was found, along with trunks of the same tree, in the peat at Perth. The Carse-deposits (5), consisting principally of clay and silt, rest upon the peat-bed. The occurrence in these deposits of Scrobicularia piperata and oyster-shells leaves us in no doubt as to their marine origin. They vary in thickness from 10 up to fully 40 feet.[CS]
[CS] For a particular account of the Tay-valley Succession, see Prehistoric Europe, p. 385.
A similar succession of deposits is met with in the valley of the Forth,[CT] and we cannot doubt that these tell precisely the same tale. I have elsewhere[CU] adduced evidence to show that the peat-bed, with drifted vegetable débris, which underlies the Carse accumulations of the Forth and Tay is on the same horizon as the “lower buried forest” of our oldest peat-bogs, and the similar bogs that occur in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Holland, etc. Underneath the “lower buried forest” of those regions occur now and again freshwater clays, charged with the relics of an arctic-alpine flora; and quite recently similar plant remains have been detected in old alluvia at Corstorphine, near Edinburgh. When the beds below our older peat-bogs are more carefully examined, traces of that old arctic flora will doubtless be met with in many other parts of these islands. It was this flora that clothed north-western Europe during the decay of the last district ice-sheets of Britain and the disappearance of the great Baltic glacier.
[CT] Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1883-84, p. 745; Mem. Geol. Survey, Scotland, Explanation of Sheet 31.