The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume 1 (of 3) / The Belief Among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea and Melanesia

by James George Frazer

Ears of corpse stopped with hot coals, [152];
of mourners cut, [183], [272], [327]
Earth-burial and tree-burial, [161], [166] sq.
Earthquakes ascribed to ghosts, [286], [288];
caused by deities, [296]
Eating totemic animals or plants, [120] sq.
Economic loss entailed by sacrifices to the dead, [149];
entailed by the belief in immortality, [468] sq.
Eel, ghost in, [379]
Eels offered to the dead, [429]
Egypt, custom at embalming a corpse in ancient, [178]
Elysium, the Fijian, [466] sq.
Embryology of religion, [88]
Emu totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, [122], [123]
Encounter Bay tribe of South Australia, [42]
Epilepsy ascribed to anger of ghosts, [257], [283]
—— and inspiration, [15]
Erdweg, Father Josef, [218], [219], [227]
Erskine, Capt. J. E., [409]
Ertnatulunga, sacred store-house, [99]
Erythrophloeum guiniense, in poison ordeal, [50]
Esquimaux, burial custom of the, [454], [456]
Essence, immaterial, of sacrifice absorbed by ghosts and spirits, [285], [287], [374]
Euhemerism, [24] sq.
Euhemerus, [24]
European teaching, influence of, on native beliefs, [142] sq.
Evil spirits regarded as causes of death, [36] sq.
Excitement as mark of inspiration, [14]
Exogamy with female descent, [416], [418]
Exorcism as cure for sickness, [222] sq.
Experience defined, [12];
two sorts of, [13] sq.
—— and intuition, [11]
External world, question of the reality of, [13] sq.;
an illusion, [21]
Eye, soul resides in the, [267]
Eyes of corpse bandaged, [459]

Faints ascribed to action of ghosts, [257], [283]
Faith, weakening of religious, [4]
Falling stars the souls of the dead, [229], [399]
Family prayers of the New Caledonians, [332] sq., [340]
—— priests, [332], [340]
Famine, the stone of, [334] sq.
Fasting in mourning for a king, [451] sq.
Father-in-law, mourning for a, [155]
Favourable natural conditions, their influence in stimulating social progress, [141] sq., [148] sq.
Fear of ghosts, [134], [135], [147], [151] sqq., [158], [173] sqq., [195], [196] sq., [201], [203], [229] sq., [232], [237], [276], [282] sq., [305], [321], [327], [347], [396], [414] sq., [449], [455], [467];
a moral restraint, [175];
the source of extravagant demonstrations of grief at death, [271] sqq.;
taboo based on, [390] sq.;
a bulwark of morality, [392];
funeral customs based on, [450] sqq.;
of women dying in childbed, [458] sqq.
Fear of the dead, [152] sq., [168], [173] sqq., [195], [196] sq., [201], [203], [244], [248]
—— of witchcraft, [244]
—— the only principle of religious observances in Fiji, [443]
Feasts provided for ghosts, [247] sq.
See also [Funeral Feasts]
Feather-money offered to ghosts, [374], [375]
Feet foremost, corpse carried out, [174]
Ferry for ghosts, [224], [244] sq., [350], [412], [462]
Festival of the dead, [320] sq.
Fig-trees, sacred, [199]
Fighting or warrior ghosts, [370]
Fiji and the Fijians, [406] sqq.
——, human sacrifices in, [446] sq.
Fijian islands, scenery of, [409] sq.
—— myths of origin of death, [66] sq., [75] sq.
Fijians, belief in immortality among the, [406] sqq.;
their advanced culture, [407]
Fingers amputated in mourning, [199], [451]
—— of living sacrificed in honour of the dead, [426] sq.
Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, [218], [242], [262]
Fire as a means of keeping off ghosts, [131]
—— -flies, ghosts as, [352]
—— kindled on grave, to warm ghost, [144] sq., [196] sq., [209], [211], [223], [275], [359]
—— supplied to ghost, [246] sq.;
used to keep off ghosts, [258], [283];
used in cross-questioning a ghost, [278]
Firstborn children, skull-topped images made of dead, [312]
First-fruits offered to the dead, [259];
of canarium nuts offered to ghosts, [368] sq.;
offered to deified spirits of dead chiefs, [369];
offered to ghosts, [373] sq.;
of yams offered to the ancestral spirits, [429]
Fish offered by fishermen to the dead, [226];
prayers for, [329];
ghost in, [379]
—— totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, [119] sq., [121]
Fishermen pray to ghosts, [289]
——, stones to help, [337]
Fison, Lorimer, [407], [412], [416], [418], [428] n. [1], [434], [435] sqq., [438] n. [1], [445], [448]
Fits ascribed to contact with ghosts, [283].
See also [Epilepsy]
Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, [346], [347], [348], [349], [367], [368], [376], [377], [379], [380]
Flutes, sacred, [221], [226], [233], [252]
Flying-foxes, souls of the dead in, [405]
Food placed on grave, [144];
offered to the dead, [183], [201], [208], [211], [214], [232], [241], [332], [338], [364] sq., [367] sq., [372] sq., [396] sq., [429], [442], [467];
abstinence from certain, in mourning, [198], [208], [209], [230], [314], [360], [452];
supply promoted by ghosts, [283];
offered to ancestral spirits, [316];
offered to the skulls of the dead, [339] sq., [352];
offered to ghosts, [348] sq.;
of ghosts, the living not to partake of the, [355]
—— not to be touched with the hands by gravediggers, [327];
not to be touched with hands by persons who have handled a corpse, [450] sq.
—— and water, abundance of, favourable to social progress, [90] sq.;
offered to the dead, [174]
Fool and Death, [83]
Footprints, magic of, [45]
Foundation-sacrifice of men, [446]
Fowlers pray to ghosts, [289]
Frenzy a symptom of inspiration, [443], [444] sq.
Frigate-bird, mark of the, [350];
ghost associated with the, [376]
Frigate-birds, ghosts in, [380]
Frog in stories of the origin of death, [61], [62] sq.
Fruit-trees cut down for ghost, [246]
—— of the dead cut down, [399]
Funeral ceremonies intended to dismiss the ghost from the land of the living, [174] sq.
—— ceremonies of the Torres Straits Islanders, [176] sqq.
—— customs of the Tami, [293] sq.;
of the Central Melanesians, [347] sqq., [355] sqq.;
based on fear of ghosts, [450] sqq.
—— feasts, [348], [351], [358] sq., [360], [396];
orations, [355] sq.
Forces, impersonal, the world conceived as a complex of, [21]
Foreskins sacrificed in honour of the dead, [426] sq.;
of circumcised lads presented to ancestral gods, [427]

Gaboon, the, [54]
Gajos of Sumatra, burial custom of the, [455]
Gall used in divination, [54]
Game offered by hunters to the dead, [226]
Ganindo, a warrior ghost, [363] sq.
Gardens, ghosts of, [371]

Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, [48], [69], [398], [405]
Geelvink Bay, in Dutch New Guinea, [303], [307]
Genital members of human victims hung on tree, [447] n. [1]
German burial custom, [453], [458]
Ghost appeased by sham fight, [137];
hunted into the grave, [164] sq.;
thought to linger near body till flesh is decayed, [165] sq.;
elaborate funeral ceremonies designed to get rid of, [174] sq.;
driven away, [178], [197], [248];
extracted from body of patient, [271];
calls for vengeance, [278];
cursed and ill-treated, [285];
who causes sunshine and rain, [375]
—— -posts, [375]
—— -seer, [204] sq., [214], [229]
—— -shooter, [387] sq.
Ghostly ferry, [350], [412].
See also [Ferry]
Ghosts, mischievous nature of, [28];
as causes of sickness, [54] sqq., [195], [197], [222], [300], [305], [322], [389];
feared, [134], [135], [147], [151] sqq., [158], [173] sqq., [195], [196] sq., [201], [203], [229] sq., [232], [237], [271] sqq., [276], [282] sq., [305], [321], [327], [347], [396], [414] sq., [449], [457], [467];
attentions paid to, in regard to food, fire, property, etc., [144] sqq.;
feared only of recently departed, [151] sq.;
of nearest relations most feared, [153];
represented dramatically by masked men, [176], [179] sq., [182] sq., [185] sqq.;
should have their noses bored, [192], [194] sq.;
return of the, [195], [198], [246], [300];
carry off the souls of the living, [197];
cause bad luck in hunting and fishing, [197];
identified with phosphorescent lights, [198], [258];
appear to seer, [204] sq.;
of slain enemies especially dreaded, [205];
of the hanged specially feared, [212];
certain classes of ghosts specially feared, [212];
malignity of, [212], [381];
drowned, [224];
village of, [231] sq., [234];
give information, [240];
provided with fire, [246] sq.;
feasts provided for, [247] sq.;
thought to give good crops, [247] sq.;
communicate with the living in dreams, [248];
diseases ascribed to action of, [257];
of the slain, special fear of, [258], [279], [306], [323];
of ancestors appealed to for help, [258] sq.;
precautions taken against, [258];
expected to make the crops thrive, [259], [284], [288] sq.;
natural death ascribed to action of, [268];
sickness ascribed to action of, [269] sq., [271], [279], [372], [375], [381] sqq.;
deceived, [273], [280] sqq., [328];
thought to help hunters, [274], [284] sq.;
in the form of animals, [282];
help the living by promoting supply of food, [283];
cause earthquakes, [286], [288];
as patrons of hunting and other departments, [287];
die the second death, [287];
turn into animals, [287];
turn into ant-hills, [287];
of warriors invoked by warriors, [288];
invoked by warriors, farmers, fowlers, fishermen, etc., [288] sqq.;
of men may grow into gods, [289] sq.;
of the dead in the form of serpents, [300];
driven away, [305], [306], [323], [356] sqq., [396], [399], [415];
cause all sorts of misfortunes, [306] sq.;
call for vengeance, [310], [468];
sacrifices to, [328];
of power and ghosts of no account, distinction between, [345] sq.;
of the recent dead most powerful, [346];
prayers to, [348];
of land and sea, [348];
food offered to, [348] sq.;
live in islands, [350], [353];
live underground, [353] sq.;
worshipful, [362] sq.;
public and private, [367], [369] sq.;
first-fruits offered to, [368] sq., [373] sq.;
warlike, [370];
of gardens, [371];
human sacrifices to, [371] sq.;
incarnate in sharks, [373];
sacrifices to, at planting, [375];
sanctuaries of, [377] sq.;
incarnate in animals, [379] sq.;
envious of the living, [381];
carry off souls, [383];
in stones, [383] sq.;
inspiration by means of, [389] sq.;
killed, [415] sq.;
dazed, [416];
prevented from returning to the house, [455] sq.;
unmarried, hard fate of, [464]
Ghosts and spirits, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, [343], [363];
regulate the weather, [384] sq.
—— of women dying in childbed, special fear of, [458] sqq.;
special treatment of, [358].
See also [Dead] and [Spirits]
Giant, mythical, thought to appear annually with the south-east monsoon, [255]
Gifford, Lord, [2], [3]
Girdle made from hair of dead, [138]
Gnanji, the, of Central Australia, [92]
Goat in story of the origin of death, [64]
God, the question of his existence, [2];
defined, [9] sq.;
knowledge of, how acquired, [11] sqq.;
inferred as a cause, [22] sq.;
and the origin of death, [61] sqq.;
in form of serpent, [445], [462]
Gods created by man in his own likeness, [19] sq.;
of nature, [20];
human, [20], [23] sqq.;
unknown among aborigines of Australia, [91];
often developed out of ghosts, [289] sq.;
ancestors worshipped as, [340], [369];
ancestral, sacrifice of foreskins to, [427];
ancestral, libations to, [438];
two classes of, in Fiji, [440]
—— and spirits, no certain demarcation between, [441]
Goldie, Rev. Hugh, [52]

Good crops given by ghosts, [247] sq.
—— spirit, [143]
—— and bad, different fate of the, after death, [354]
Gran Chaco, in Argentina, [165]
Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, [417];
his ghost dazed, [416]
Grandfather and grandchild, their relation under exogamy and female kinship, [416], [418]
Grandidier, A., [49]
Grass for graves, euphemism for human victims buried with the dead, [425] sq.
—— -seed, magical ceremony for increasing, [102]
Grave, food placed on, [144], [145];
property of dead deposited in, [145] sqq.;
hut erected on, [203];
of worshipful dead a sanctuary, [347];
stones heaped on, [360];
sacrifices to ghost on, [382]
Gravediggers, purification of, [314];
secluded, [327];
secluded and painted black, [451]
Graves, huts built on, for use of ghosts, [150] sq.;
under the houses, [274].
See also [Huts]
Great Woman, the, [464]
Greek tragedy, W. Ridgeway on the origin of, [189]
Greeks, purificatory rites of ancient, [206]
Greenlanders, burial custom of the, [454]
Grey, Sir George, [41];
taken for an Australian aboriginal, [131] sqq.
Grief, extravagant demonstrations of grief in mourning, their motives, [135] sq.
—— at a death, extravagant demonstrations of, dictated by fear of the ghost, [271] sqq.
Grihya-Sutras, [163]
Ground drawings in magical or religious ceremony, [112] sq.
Groves, sacred, the dead buried in, [326]
Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands, [350], [372]
Guardian spirits, [227]
Guiana, Indians of, their ideas as to the cause of death, [35] sqq.;
their offerings to the dead, [165]
Gullet of pig sacrificed, [368]
Gulu, king of heaven, [78]
Gypsies, European, burial custom of, [455]

Haddon, Dr. A. C., [171], [172] sq., [175], [176], [180]
Hagen, Dr. B., [230], [231]
Haida, burial custom of the, [455]
Hair burnt as charm, [43];
cut in mourning, [135], [320], [451];
of widow unshorn, [184];
of dead child worn by mother, [315];
of gravediggers not cut, [327];
used as amulet, [332]
—— of the dead, magical virtue attributed to, [137] sq.;
worn by relatives, [249];
divination by means of, [319]
—— of mourners offered to the dead, [183];
cut off, [183], [204]
Hakea flower totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, [119], [121]
Hands, gravediggers and persons who have handled a corpse not to touch food with their, [327], [450] sq.
Hanged, ghosts of the, specially feared, [212]
Hare in myth of the origin of death, [65]
Harumae, a warrior ghost, [365] sq.
Hasselt, J. L. van, [305]
Hauri, a worshipful ghost, [372]
Head-dress of gravediggers, [327]
Head-hunters, [352]
Head of corpse cut off in order to disable the ghost, [153];
removed and preserved, [178].
See also [Skulls]
Heads of mourners shaved, [208]
——, human, cut off in honour of the dead, [352]
Heaps of stones on grave, [360]
Heart supposed to be the seat of human spirit, [129]
—— of pig sacrificed, [368]
Heavenly Dog, [460]
Hebrew prophets, [14]
Hen in myth of the origin of death, [79]
Highlands of Scotland, burial custom in the, [453], [458]
Hindoos, burial custom of the, [453], [458]
Historical method of treating natural theology, [2] sq.
History of religion, its importance, [3]
Hiyoyoa, the land of the dead, [207]
Hole in the wall, dead carried out through a, [452] sqq.
Holy of Holies, [430], [431], [433], [437], [438]
Homer on blood-drinking ghosts, [159]
Homicides, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims, [205] sq.;
purification of, [206];
honours bestowed on, in Fiji, [447] sq.
See also [Manslayers]
Homoeopathic magic, [288], [376]
—— or imitative magic, [335], [336], [338]
Honorary titles of homicides in Fiji, [447] sq.
Hood Peninsula of British New Guinea, [47], [202], [203]
Hos of Togoland, their myth of the origin of death, [81] sqq.

Hose, Ch., and McDougall, W., quoted, [265] [n.], [417]
Hottentots, their myth of the origin of death, [65];
burial custom of the, [454]
House deserted after a death, [195], [196] n. [1], [248], [275], [349], [400];
deserted or destroyed after a death, [210];
dead buried in the, [236], [347], [352], [397], [398], [399];
dead carried out of, by special opening, [452] sqq.
Houses, native, at Kalo, [202];
communal, [304]
Howitt, Dr. A. W., [44] sq., [139], [141]
Human gods, [20], [23] sqq.
—— nature, two different views of, [469] sqq.
—— sacrifices to ghosts, [371] sq.;
in Fiji, [446] sq.
Hume's analysis of cause, [18] sq.
Hunt, Mr., his experience in Fiji, [423] sq.
Hunters supposed to be helped by ghosts, [274], [284] sq.
Huon Gulf, in German New Guinea, [242], [256]
Hut built to represent mythical monster at initiation, [251], [290], [301] sq.
Huts erected on graves for use of ghosts, [150] sq.;
erected on graves, [203], [223], [248], [259], [275], [293], [294]
Hypocritical lamentations at a death, [273]
—— indignation of accomplice at a murder, [280] sqq.

Idu, mountain of the dead, [193], [194] sq.
Iguana in myth of origin of death, [70]
Ilene, a worshipful ghost, [373]
Ill-treatment of ghost who gives no help, [285]
Illusion of the external world, [21]
Images of the dead, wooden (korwar or karwar), [307] sqq., [311], [315], [316] sq., [321], [322];
of sharks, [373];
in temples, [442]
Imitation of totems by disguised actors, [119] sqq.;
of totemic animals, [177]
Imitative magic, [335], [336], [338], [376]
Immortality, belief in, among the aborigines of Central Australia, [87] sqq.;
among the islanders of Torres Straits, [170] sqq.;
among the natives of British New Guinea, [190] sqq.;
among the natives of German New Guinea, [216] sqq.;
among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, [303] sqq.;
among the natives of Southern Melanesia, [324] sqq.;
among the natives of Central Melanesia, [343] sqq.;
among the natives of Northern Melanesia, [393] sqq.;
among the Fijians, [406] sqq.;
strongly held by savages, [468]
Immortality, limited sense of, [25];
origin of belief in, [25] sqq.;
belief in human, almost universal among races of mankind, [33];
rivalry between men and animals for gift of, [74] sq.;
question of the truth of the belief in, [469] sqq.;
destruction of life and property entailed by the belief in, [468] sq.
—— in a bundle, [77] sq.
Impecunious ghosts, hard fate of, [406]
Impurity, ceremonial, of manslayer, [229] sq.
Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., [38] sq.
Incantations or spells, [385]
Inconsistencies and contradictions in reasoning not peculiar to savages, [111] sq.
Inconsistency of savage thought, [143]
Indians of Guiana, their ideas about death, [35] sqq.;
their beliefs as to the dead, [165]
—— of North-West America, burial custom of the, [455], [460]
Indifference to death, [419];
a consequence of belief in immortality, [422] sq.
Indo-European burial custom, [453]
Infanticide as cause of diminished population, [40]
Influence of European teaching on native beliefs, [142] sq.
Initiation at puberty regarded as a process of death and resurrection, [254], [261]
—— of young men, [233];
in Central Australia, [100];
among the Yabim, [250] sqq.;
among the Bukaua, [260] sq.;
among the Kai, [290] sq.;
in Fiji, [429] sqq.
Insanity, influence of, in history, [15] sq.
—— and inspiration not clearly distinguished, [388]
Insect in divination as to cause of death, [44], [46]
Inspiration, theory of, [14] sq.;
of medium by ancestral spirits, [308] sqq.;
by spirits of the dead, [322];
by ghosts in Central Melanesia, [388] sq.;
attested by frenzy, [443], [444] sq.
—— and insanity not clearly distinguished, [388]
Insufflations, magical, to heal the sick, [329]
Intichiuma, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, [122] sq.
Intuition and experience, [11]
Invocation of ghosts, [288] sq.;
of the dead, [329] sq., [332] sqq., [377], [378], [401], [441]
Island, dead buried in, [319]
—— of the dead, fabulous, [175]
Islands, ghosts live in, [350], [353]
Isle of Pines, [325], [330], [337]

Israelites forbidden to cut themselves for the dead, [154]
Ivory Coast, [52]

Jackson, John, quoted, [419] sqq., [447]
Jappen or Jobi, island, [303]
Jawbone of husband worn by widow, [204];
lower, of corpse preserved, [234] sq., [236], [274];
of dead king of Uganda preserved and consulted oracularly, [235]
Jawbones of the dead preserved, [351] sq.;
of dead worn by relatives, [404]
Journey of ghosts to the land of the dead, [286] sq., [361] sq., [462] sqq.
Juices of putrefaction received by mourners on their bodies, [167], [205], [403]
—— of putrefying corpse drunk by widow, [313];
drunk by women, [355]

Kachins of Burma, burial custom of the, [459]
Kafirs, their beliefs as to the causes of death, [56]
Kagoro, the, of Northern Nigeria, [28] n. [1], [49]
Kai, the, of German New Guinea, [71], [262] sqq.;
theory of the soul, [267]
Kaikuzi, brother of Death, [80]
Kaitish, the, [68], [158], [166]
Kalo, in British New Guinea, [202] sq.
Kalou, Fijian word for "god," [440]
Kalou vu, "root gods," [440]
Kalou yalo, "soul gods," [440]
Kami, the souls of the dead, [297] sq.
Kamilaroi tribe of New South Wales, [46], [155]
Kanaima (kenaima), [36], [38]
Kani, name applied to ghosts, to bull-roarers, and to the monster who is thought to swallow lads at circumcision, [301]
Kaniet islands, [401]
Kava offered to ancestral spirits, [440]
Kavirondo, burial custom of the, [458]
Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri, the, of Dutch New Guinea, [255]
Kayans, the, of Borneo, [417];
burial custom of, [456] sq., [459]
Kemp Welch River, [202]
Keramo, a fighting ghost, [370]
Keysser, Ch., [262], [263] sq., [267], [269] n. [3]
Kibu, the land of the dead, [175]
Kibuka, war-god of Uganda, [366]
Kidd, Dudley, [55]
Kidney-fat, extraction of, [43]
Killer of Souls, the, [465] sq.
Killing a ghost, [415] sq.
King, mourning for a, [451] sq.
King's corpse not carried out through the door, [452], [461]
Kings, divinity of, [16];
sanctity of Fijian, [407] sq.
Kintu and the origin of death, [78] sqq.
Kiwai, beliefs and customs concerning the dead in island of, [211] sqq.
Koita or Koitapu, of British New Guinea, [193]
Kolosh Indians, [163]
Komars, the, [163]
Koroi, honorary title of homicides in Fiji, [447] sq.
Korwar, or karwar, wooden images of the dead, [307] sqq., [315], [316] sq., [321], [322]
Koryak, burial custom of the, [455]
Kosi and the origin of death, [76] sq.
Knowledge, natural, how acquired, [11]
—— of God, how acquired, [11] sqq.;
of ghosts essential to medical practitioners in Melanesia, [384]
Kulin, the, [138]
Kurnai tribe of Victoria, [44], [138]
Kweariburra tribe, [153]
Kwod, sacred or ceremonial ground, [179]

Lambert, Father, [325], [327], [328], [332], [339]
Lamboam, the land of the dead, [260], [292], [299]
Lamentations, hypocritical, at a death, [271] sqq., [280] sqq.
Land burial and sea burial, [347] sq.
—— cleared for cultivation, [238], [242] sq., [256], [262] sq., [304]
—— ghosts and sea ghosts, [348]
—— of the dead, [175] sq., [192], [193], [194] sq., [202], [203], [207], [209] sq., [211] sqq., [224], [228] sq., [244], [260], [286] sq., [292], [299], [305] sq., [307], [322], [326], [345], [350] sq., [353] sq., [404] sqq., [462] sqq.;
journeys of the living to the, [207], [355];
way to the, [212] sq., [462] sqq.
Landtman, Dr. G., [214]
Lang, Andrew, [216] sq.
Laos, burial custom in, [459]
Leaf as badge of a ghost, [391]
Leaves thrown on scene of murder, [415]
Leg bones of the dead preserved, [221], [249]
Legs of corpse broken in order to disable the ghost, [153]
Lehner, Stefan, [256]
Lepchis of Sikhim, burial custom of the, [455]
Le Souëf, A. A. C., [40] sq.
Libations to ancestral gods, [430], [438]
Licence, period of, following circumcision, [427] sq.;
following initiation, [433], [434] n. [1], [436] sq.
Licentious orgy following circumcision, [427] sq.

Life in the other world like life in this, [286] sq.
Lightning, savage theory of, [19]
Lights, phosphorescent, thought to be ghosts, [198], [258]
Lime, powdered, used to dust the trail of a ghost, [277] sq.
Lio'a, a powerful ghost, [346]
Liver extracted by magic, [50];
divination by, [54]
Livers of pigs offered to the dead, [360] sq.
Lizard in divination as to cause of death, [44];
in myths of the origin of death, [60] sq., [70], [74] sq.
Lizards, ghosts in, [380]
Local totem centres, [97], [99], [124]
Long soul and short soul, [291] sq.
Lost souls, recovery of, [270] sq., [300] sq.
Luck, bad, in fishing and hunting, caused by ghosts, [197]
Luck of a village dependent on ghosts, [198]
Lum, men's clubhouse, [243], [250], [257]

Mabuiag, island of, [174]
Macassars, burial custom of the, [461]
Macluer Gulf in Dutch New Guinea, [317], [318]
Mad, stones to drive people, [335]
Madagascar, ideas as to natural death in, [48] sq.
Mafulu (Mambule), the, of British New Guinea, [198] sqq.
Maggots, appearance of, sign of departure of soul, [292]
Magic as a cause of death, [34] sqq.;
Age of, [58];
attributed to aboriginal inhabitants of a country, [193];
homoeopathic or imitative, [288], [335], [336], [338], [376];
combined with religion, [111] sq., [334], [335], [336], [337], [338], [376];
Melanesian conception of, [380] sq.;
working by means of personal refuse, [413] sq.
See also [Sorcery] and [Witchcraft]
—— and religion compared in reference to their destruction of human life, [56] sq.
Magical ceremonies for increasing the food supply, [102];
ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, [124] sq.;
intention of dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, [122] sq., [126];
virtues attributed to sacred stones in New Caledonia, [334] sqq.
Magician or priest, [336], [338].
See also [Sorcerer]
Magicians, their importance in history, [16];
but no priests at Doreh, [306]
Malagasy, their ideas as to natural death, [48] sq.
Malanta, one of the Solomon Islands, [350]
Malayalis, the, of Malabar, [162]
Malignity of ghosts, [212], [381]
Malo, island of, [48]
Man creates gods in his own likeness, [19] sq.
——, grandeur and dignity of, [469] sq.;
pettiness and insignificance of, [470] sq.
Mana, supernatural or spiritual power, [346] sq., [352], [371], [380]
Manoam, evil spirits, [321]
Manoga, a worshipful ghost, [368]
Manslayers, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims, [205] sq., [258], [279], [323];
secluded, [279] sq.,
consecration of, [448] sq.;
restrictions imposed on, [449].
See also [Homicides]
Mari or mar, ghost, [173]
Mariget, "ghost-hand," [177]
Mariner, William, [411]
Mariners, stones to help, [337]
Markets, native, [394]
Marotse, burial custom of the, [454]
Marquesas Islands, [417]
Married and unmarried, different modes of disposing of their corpses, [162]
Masai, their myth of the origin of death, [65] sq.
Masked men, dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by, [176], [179] sq., [180] sqq., [185] sqq.
—— dances, [297];
of the Monumbo, [228]
Masks worn by actors in sacred ceremonies, [179];
used in dances, [233], [297]
Masquerades, [297]
Massim, the, of British New Guinea, [206]
Master of Life, [163]
Matacos Indians, [165]
Mate, a worshipful spirit, [239]
Material culture of the natives of New Guinea, [191];
of the natives of Tumleo, [219] sq.;
of Papuans, [231];
of the Yabim, [242] sq.;
of the Noofoor, [304] sq.;
of the New Caledonians, [339];
of the North Melanesians, [393] sqq.
Mawatta or Mowat, [47]
Mbete, priest, [443], [445]
Mea, a spiritual medium, [196]
Mecklenburg, burial custom in, [457]
Medicine-men, their importance in history, [16];
inspired by spirits of the dead, [322]
Medium inspired by soul of dead, [308] sq.
Mediums, spiritual, [196]
Mediums who send their souls to deadland, [300]
Megalithic monuments, [438]

Melanesia, Central, belief in immortality among the natives of, [343] sqq.
——, Northern, belief in immortality among the natives of, [393] sqq.
——, Southern, belief in immortality among the natives of, [324] sqq.
Melanesian myths of the origin of death, [69], [71] sq., [83] sq.;
theory of the soul, [344] sq.
Melanesians, their ideas as to natural deaths, [48], [54] sq.;
Central, funeral customs of the, [347] sqq., [355] sqq.;
and Papuans in New Guinea, [190] sq.
Memorial trees, [225]
Men sacrificed to support posts of new house, [446] sq.;
whipped by women in mourning, [452]
Men's clubhouses, [221], [225], [226], [243], [256] sq., [355]
Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, [73]
Merivale on Dartmoor, [438]
Messengers, the Two, myth of origin of death, [60] sqq.
Messou, Indian magician, [78]
Metals unknown in Northern Melanesia, [395]
Metempsychosis, widespread belief in, [29]
Methods of treating natural theology, [1] sqq.
—— of natural knowledge, [11]
Mexicans, the ancient, [163]
Meyer, H. E. A., [42]
Migration of villages, [339]
Migratory cultivation, [243]
Miklucho-Maclay, Baron N., [235]
Milky Way, Central Australian belief as to the, [140];
souls of dead go to, [153]
Milne Bay, [207]
Mimika district in Dutch New Guinea, [318]
Minnetaree Indians, [163]
Misfortunes of all kinds caused by ghosts, [306] sq.
Moanus, the, of the Admiralty Islands, [400]
Monarchical government, rise of, [141] sq.
Monsoon, south-east, festival at, [255]
Monsoons, seasons determined by, [216]
Monster supposed to swallow lads at initiation, [251] sq., [255], [260], [261], [290] sq., [301] sq.
Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, [227] sq.
Monuments of the dead, [225]
Moon, the waxing and waning, in myths of the origin of death, [60], [65] sqq.
—— in relation to doctrine of resurrection, [67] sq.;
worship of the, [68]
Moral restraint afforded by a fear of ghosts, [175]
—— depravity of the Fijians, [409]
Morality, superstition a crutch to, [175]
Mortuary dramas, [189]
Mos, a disembodied soul, [224]
Mota, island of, [387]
Motlav, in the Banks' Islands, [357]
Motu, the, of British New Guinea, [192]
Mound erected in a totemic ceremony, [110] sq.
Mounds on graves, [150], [164]
Mourners, professional, [136]
—— smeared with white clay, [158], [177];
painted black, [178], [293], [403];
garb of, [184], [198];
cut their hair, [183], [204], [320], [451];
abstain from certain foods, [198], [208], [209], [230], [314], [360], [452];
restrictions observed by, [313] sq.;
tattooed, [314];
purified by bathing, [314], [319];
plastered with mud, [318];
cut or tear their ears, [183], [272], [327];
secluded, [360];
smeared with ashes, [361];
anoint themselves with juices of putrefying corpse, [403];
amputate their fingers, [199], [451];
burn their skin, [154], [155], [157], [327], [451].
See also [Cuttings] and [Seclusion]
Mourning, hair cut in, [135];
extravagant demonstrations of grief in, [135] sq.;
for a father-in-law, [155];
amputation of fingers in, [199];
varying period of, [274], [293];
for a king, [451] sq.
—— costume, [249], [274], [320];
a protection against ghosts, [241] sq.;
of widower and widow, [259] sq.
Mowat or Mawatta, [47]
Mud, mourners plastered with, [318]
Mukden, burial custom in, [460]
Mukjarawaint tribe, [155]
Mummies of dead preserved in houses, [188]
Mummification of the dead, [184], [185], [313]
Mungai, places associated with totems, [117], [124]
Murder, leaves thrown on scene of, [415]
—— highly esteemed in Fiji, [447] sq.
Murdered man, ghost of, haunts murderer, [248]
Murimuria, a second-rate heaven, [466]
Murray Island, [174]
Mutilations, bodily, at puberty, [303]
Myth of the prelogical savage, [266]
—— of the continuance of death, [472]
Myths of the origin of death, [59] sqq.

Nai, souls of the dead, [240]
Nai Thombothombo, in Fiji, [463]
Nails of dead detached, [145];
preserved, [339]

Naindelinde in Fiji, [465]
Naiteru-kop, a Masai god, [65]
Namaquas, their myth of the origin of death, [65]
Nambanaggatai, in Fiji, [465]
Nambi and the origin of death, [78] sqq.
Name of mythical water-snake not uttered, [105]
Names of the dead not mentioned, [135], [210], [246]
Nandi, their myth of the origin of death, [66]
Nanga, sacred stone enclosure, [428] sqq.;
description of, [437] sq.
Nangganangga, the foe of unmarried ghosts, [464]
Nanja tree or stone, [98]
—— spot, [164], [165]
Narrinyeri tribe of South Australia, [43];
their beliefs as to the dead, [134] sqq.
Nassau, Rev. R. H., [51]
Native beliefs influenced by European teaching, [142] sq.
Natural theology defined, [1], [8]
—— death, disbelief of savages in, [33] sqq.
—— causes of death recognised by some savages, [55] sq.
—— features of landscape associated with traditions about the dead, [115] sqq.
Nature, gods of, [20];
souls of the dead identified with spirits of, [130];
two different views of human, [469] sqq.
Nayars, the, of Cochin, [162] sq.
Ndengei, Fijian god in form of serpent, [445], [462], [464], [465], [466]
Necklaces worn in mourning, [198]
Negen Negorijen in Dutch New Guinea, [316], [317]
Negrito admixture in New Guinea, [198]
Nemunemu, a creator, [240]
Nether world, the lord of the, [286];
abode of the dead in the, [292], [299], [322], [326], [353] sq.;
descent of the living into the, [300];
See also [Land of the Dead]
Nets worn by widows in mourning, [249], [260], [274], [293];
worn by women in mourning, [241]
New birth at initiation, pretence of, [254]
New Britain (New Pomerania), [48], [69], [393], [394], [402], [404]
—— Caledonia, natives of, [324];
their beliefs and customs concerning the dead, [325] sqq.;
their system of family prayers, [332] sq., [340];
material culture of the, [339]
—— Georgia, [48]
—— Guinea, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, [47];
the races of, [190] sq.;
belief in immortality among the natives of British, [190] sqq.;
belief in immortality among the natives of Dutch, [303] sqq.;
belief in immortality among the natives of German, [216] sqq.
New Hebrides, myth of the origin of death in, [71], [343], [353]
—— Ireland (New Mecklenburg), [393], [397]
—— South Wales, aborigines of, their ideas as to the causes of death, [45] sq.; as to the home of the dead, [133] sq.
Newton, Alfred, [90] n. [1]
Neyaux, the, of the Ivory Coast, [52]
Ngai, human spirit, [129]
Ngoc, the, of Annam, [69]
Ngoni, the, [61]
Nias, island of, [70]
Nigeria, Northern, [28] n. [1], [49]
Niggardly people punished in the other world, [405]
Noblemen alone immortal, [33]
Noofoor, the, of Dutch New Guinea, [303]
Noomfor, island, [303]
Norse burial custom, [453]
Noses bored, ghosts should have their, [192], [194] sq.
Novices presented to ancestral spirits at initiation, [432] sq., [434]
Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, [417]