«Une particularité qui a attiré souvent mon attention dans toutes ces contrées, c'est que toutes les montagnes aupres desquelles je passois, et qui sont au pied et au dehors de la grande Cordelière, me paroissoient avoir eu une origine toute différente de celles que j'avois vues auparavant. Les lits de différentes terres et le plus souvent de rochers dont elles étoient formées, n'étoient pas inclinés de divers côtés, comme dans les autres: ils étoient parfaitement horizontaux, et je les voyois quelquefois se répandre fort loin dans les différentes montagnes. La plupart de celle-ci ont deux ou trois cent toises de hauteur, et elles sont presque toutes inaccessibles; elles sont souvent escarpées comme des murailles: c'est ce qui permet de mieux voir leurs lits horizontaux dont elles présentent l'extrémité. Le spectacle qu'elles fournissent n'est pas riant, mais il est rare et singulier. Lorsque le hazard a voulu que quelqu'une fût ronde, et qu'elle se trouvât absolument détachée des autres; chacun de ses lits est devenu comme un cylindre très-plat, ou comme un cône tronqué qui n'a que très-peu de hauteur; et ces différens lits placés les uns au-dessus des autres, et distingués par leurs couleurs et par les divers talus de leur contour, ont souvent donné au tout la forme d'ouvrage artificiel et fait avec la plus grande régularité. Il est une de ces montagnes à environ une lieue de Honda sur le bord du Guali et sur le chemin de Mariquita, qui est exposée à la vue de tous les voyageurs; mais je sens que si j'en donnois ici une représentation, il faudroit que je comptasse sur le credit que doit naturellement avoir le rapport de quelqu'un qui n'a aucun intérêt d'altérer la vérité, et qui a en toute sa vie le plus grand éloignement pour le mensonge. On voit dans ces pays là les montagnes y prendre continuellement l'aspect d'anciens et somptueux édifices, de chapelles, de dômes, de châteaux; quelquefois ce sont des fortifications formées de longues courtines munies de boulevarts. Il est difficile lorsqu'on observe tous ces objets et la manière dont leurs couches se répondent, de douter que le terrain ne se soit abaissé tout autour. Il paroît que ces montagnes dont la base étoit plus solidement appuyée, sont restées comme des espèces de témoins ou de monumens qui indiquent la hauteur qu'avoit anciennement le sol.»
There are but two ways in which those appearances may be explained; one of these is that which M. Bouguer has adopted; the other, again, belongs to the present Theory, which represents the action of running water upon the surface of the earth as instrumental in producing its particular forms, and thus forming many natural appearances upon the surface of the earth. The first of these, viz. that a mass of solid land, in such a shape as that here described, should remain while all around it sinks, is an opinion which, however possible it may be, is not supported, I believe, by any example in nature; the last again, viz. that the parts around those insulated masses, and those that had intervened between the corresponding mountains, have been carried away by the natural operation of the rivers, is not only the most easy to conceive, but is also, so far as those operations are concerned, conform to every appearance upon the surface of the globe. It is not necessary to go to South America, and the rivers of the Cordeliers, for examples to illustrate that which every one may see performed almost at his own door; but it is there that an example has occurred, which, though it has imposed upon an eminent philosopher, cannot properly be employed in support of any other theory but the present. Our author proceeds:
«Je ne connois les environs de l'Orénoque que par relation, mais je sçais qu'en plusieurs endroits les montagnes y sont également formées de couches horizontales, et qu'elles ont souvent en haut des plateformes qui sont exactement de niveau. On ne trouve à ce que je crois rien de semblable au Pérou malgré la variété presque infinie qui y est répandue. Toutes les couches y vont en s'inclinant autour de chaque sommet, en se conformant à la pente des collines.»
It would appear that it is a rare thing to find a great extent of indurated strata in a horizontal position. Now, this circumstance is necessary in affording the appearances here considered; those particular appearances, therefore, are only to be found more partially in other places, where the strata are inclined. If here, therefore, where the strata are horizontal, and where the spaces between the summits of those mountains had evidently been as solid as the masses which remain, we find mountains formed by the waste of land, and a system of rivers forming valleys amidst these mountains, Have we not reason to conclude, that in other mountainous regions, where the regular position of the strata has been broken and confounded, and where the same system of river and valley universally is found, the form of the surface has been produced upon no other principle than that of the natural waste of the solid mass, and the washing down of the heights for the formation of the fertile plains?
Nothing can tend more to illustrate the Theory than a proper comparison of the Old World with that which is called the New. It is not that we are to expect to see the operation of a longer time, upon the one of those continents, compared with the other; we equally lose all measure of time, in tracing the operations of nature on either continent. But in those operations there is rule to be observed; and the question is, If the same order of things may be perceived in all the quarters of the globe?
This is a question which the learned, even, in their closet, may be able to decide. They have but to look at the maps to be convinced that every where the process of nature, in forming habitable countries, is uniform; and that the system of what is called the watering those countries with rivers, is universally the same; a system which is now considered as giving us a view of the operations of water wearing down the land which it has fertilized, and shaping the surface of the earth so as to make it on the whole most useful.
There cannot be a doubt of the effects of those natural operations which belong to the surface of the earth, and which affect more powerfully the surfaces of the mountains; the only question is with regard to the general amount of those operations, and to the particular occasions which may have concurred in producing those effects. These questions can only be resolved in making particular observations. A general theory may thus be formed, of those operations by which the surface of the earth above the level of the sea has been changed, and will continue to be so as long as it remains a surface exposed to the influence of those agents which must be acknowledged in this place.
Naturalists, who have examined the various parts of the earth, almost all agree in this, that great effects have been produced by water moving upon the surface of the earth; but they often differ with respect to the cause of that motion, and also as to the time or manner in which the effect is brought about. Some suppose great catastrophes to have occasioned sudden changes upon the surface, in having removed immense quantities of the solid body, and in having deposited parts of the removed mass at great distances from their original beds. Others again, in acknowledging the natural operations which we see upon the surface of the earth, have only supposed certain occasions in which the consequence of those natural operations have been extremely violent, in order to explain to themselves appearances which they know not how to reconcile with the ordinary effects of those destructive causes.
The theory of the earth which I would here illustrate is founded upon the greatest catastrophes which can happen to the earth, that is, in being raised from the bottom of the sea, and elevated to the summits of a continent, and in being again sunk from its elevated station to be buried under that mass of water from whence it had originally come. But the changes which we are now investigating have no farther relation to those great catastrophes, except in so far as these great operations of the globe have put the solid land in such a situation as to be affected by the atmospheric influences and operations of the surface.
The water from the atmosphere, collected upon the surface of the earth, forms channels to itself in running towards the sea or lower ground; and it is these channels, increasing in their size as they are diminished in number by the uniting of their waters, that give so clear a prospect of the operations of time past, and prove the theory of the land being in a continual state of decay, and necessarily wasted for the purpose of this world. Every description, therefore, of a river and its valleys, from its sources in the mountains to its mouth where it delivers those waters to the sea, is interesting to the present theory, which is the generalization of those facts by which the end or intention of nature is to be observed. M. Reboul, in a Memoir read to the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1788, has given a very distinct view of the Vallée du Gave Béarnois dans les Pyrénées; there are many things interesting in this memoir; and I shall now endeavour to avail myself of it.