Winder’s Federal counterpart, Gen. William H. Hoffman of New York, likewise was accused of many atrocities.
SUGGESTED READINGS
Civil War History (University of Iowa quarterly journal), June, 1962, issue: “Civil War Prisons.” Cooper, Alonzo, In and Out of Rebel Prisons (1888). Douglas, Henry Kyd, I Rode With Stonewall (1940). Durkin, J. T., ed., John Dooley, Confederate Soldier, His War Journal (1943). Hemmerlein, Richard F., Prisons and Prisoners of the Civil War (1934). Hesseltine, William B., Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology (1930). Holmes, Clay D., Elmira Prison Camp (1912). Isham, Asa B., Prisoners of War and Military Prisons (1890). McElroy, John, Andersonville (1879). Page, James M., The True Story of Andersonville Prison (1908).
VIII. ARMS
ARTILLERY
About forty-eight different types and sizes of cannons were used in the Civil War. Identifying a particular weapon thus requires knowing such facts as the name of the gun, howitzer, rifle or mortar; whether it was a smoothbore (without rifling in the barrel) or a rifled gun (with barrel groovings), etc.
The two most popular cannons in the Civil War were the 12-pounder Napoleon smoothbore howitzer and the 10-pounder Parrott rifled field gun.
The Napoleon weighed about 1,200 pounds, fired a 12-pound spherical shell with a time fuse, and was very effective up to a range of 1,500 yards. The Parrott rifle—identifiable by a reinforced barrel seat—weighed 900 pounds. At a maximum range elevation of 12°, this piece was accurate to 3,000-3,500 yards (1¾-2 miles).
