This material is, I think, gathered into compact form for the first time. No one knows better than I do how many defects are probably in the volume. What I have tried to do is to present a large subject in a popular way, and at the same time with such references to readily available authorities as would make the collection of further information comparatively easy. I am sorry that the book has had to take on a controversial tone. No one feels more than I do that controversy seldom advances truth. There are certain false notions, however, which have the prestige of prominent names behind them, which simply must be flatly contradicted. I did not seek the controversy, for when I began to publish the original documents in the subject I mentioned no names. Controversy was forced on me, but not until I had made it a point to meet and spend many pleasant hours with the writer whose statements I must impugn, because they so flagrantly contradict the simple facts of medical history.

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CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.		[1]
	May Catholics dissect?
	Supposed prohibition of dissection.
	Twenty medical schools in Catholic Europe.
	Medieval universities and medical education.
	Allbutt on medicine down to the sixteenth century.
	William of Salicet and Lanfranc, the great medieval surgeons.
	The nearer to Rome the better the medical school.
	The state of medical teaching and discovery.
	The relation of the Popes to medical progress.
	Supposed Papal prohibitions.
	Ignorance of medieval medicine the reason for misrepresentation.
	The Popes did not hamper medicine nor any other science.
	Galileo's case an incident, not the index of a policy.
	The Papal Medical School the greatest in the world.
	The Papal Physicians leaders in science.
	The Church did for science as much as for art and literature.
	History a conspiracy against the truth. (Cambridge Modern History.)

THE SUPPOSED PAPAL PROHIBITION OF DISSECTION.		[28]
	A new Catholic medical school and dissection.
	Supposed Papal prohibitions of anatomy and of chemistry.
	The bull of Pope Boniface VIII., De Sepulturis.
	Reason for the ball.
	Supposed misinterpretation.
	Misuse of word infallibility.
	Some history of dissection.
	Date of bull important in history.
	Mondino's work.
	Body-snatching.
	Dissections elsewhere.
	How Mondino prepared his bodies for dissection.
	Guy de Chauliac at Bologna sees many dissections.
	Mondino's assistants, Otto and Alessandra.
	Papal permissions to dissect.
	The Church granting anatomical privileges where civil authorities refused.
	How the tradition of this Papal prohibition originated.
	M. Daunou as an authority.
	Reply of Pope Benedict XIV. as to bull.
	This subject a type of certain kinds of history

THE STORY OF ANATOMY DOWN TO THE RENAISSANCE.		[61]
	Presumed failure of anatomy during the Middle Ages a myth.
	Famous Law of Frederick II.
	Dissections at Salerno.
	Taddeo and anatomy.
	Salicet and Lanfranc.
	A famous medico-legal autopsy.
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	Mondino in the history of anatomy.
	Roth's story of dissection.
	Guy de Chauliac's experience at Bologna.
	The story of dissection during the fourteenth century without a break.
	Continued in next century.
	The work of Berengar of Carpi, Achillini, Matthew of Gradi.
	Pathological anatomy born with Benivieni.
	Pres. White's attitude to the evidence for dissection at this time.

THE GOLDEN AGE OF ANATOMY.--VESALIUS.		[90]
	The golden age of anatomy as of letters and art in Italy.
	Not origin, but wonderful development.
	Great predecessors of Raphael and Michel Angelo, as of Vesalius and Columbus.
	Legitimate culmination of anatomical development.
	The pre-Vesalians, Mondino, Bertrucci, Chauliac, Achillini, Berengar and Benivieni.
	The English students, Linacre, Caius, Phreas.
	Italy the Mecca of anatomical investigators.
	Harvey and Steno.
	Graduate work in Italy then as in Germany now.
	Vesalius's career.
	The University of Louvain.
	Vesalius in Paris, in Italy.
	The Father of Modern Anatomy.
	Royal Physician to Charles V.
	Some historical misconstructions.
	What the Popes did for anatomy in the sixteenth century.

THE SUPPOSED PAPAL PROHIBITION OF CHEMISTRY.		[120]
	False impression prevalent just as in anatomy.
	Striking similarity of history-lie.
	American writers.
	The Papal decree.
	Its purpose.
	The gold-brick industry.
	Fines to be distributed to the poor.
	Pope John's bull, Super Illius specula.
	Appeal to historians of chemistry.
	Chemistry in later Middle Ages.
	Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Raymond Lully, Arnoldof Villanova, the two Hollanduses, Basil Valentine, Paracelsus and hisecclesiastical teachers.
	Pope John XXII. a patron of science and of education

A PAPAL PATRON OF EDUCATION AND OF SCIENCE.		[138]
	Pope John XXII. distinguished for his administrative abilities, his learning and his abstemiousness.
	Avarice and the Papal revenues.
	Educational foundations from Papal revenues.
	Modern educators and this old-time patron of education.
	All great Popes subject of slander.
	The personality of Pope John XXII.
	Pres. White's astonishing declarations as to the bull Super Illius specula.
	Pope John XXII. "a kindly and rational scholar."
	His bull for the University {ix} of Perugia.
	Perugia and the history of culture.
	Standards in education.
	Seven years for the doctorate in medicine.
	Foundation of the University of Cahors.
	Modern requirements.
	Why the Pope favored education

THE CHURCH AND SURGERY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.		[167]
	Mistaken notions as to medieval surgery.
	Supposed Church discouragement of surgery.
	Misinterpreted ecclesiastical documents once more.
	Gurlt on surgery during the Middle Ages.
	Wonderful developments of surgery, when ignorantly said not to exist.
	Allbutt and Pagel on the great surgeons of the Middle Ages.
	Salicet.
	Lanfranc.
	Surprising anticipations of modern surgery.
	Mondeville.
	Surgical common sense.
	Yperman.
	Illustrations of surgical instruments.
	Hydrophobia.
	Chauliac the Father of Modern Surgery.
	Place in surgery.
	Chamberlain of the Pope.
	Technics of surgery.
	Chauliac's career.
	Ardern, the English surgeon.
	His works.
	False impressions with regard to surgical history.
	Professional jealousy not ecclesiastical persecution.
	The college of St. Côme and its lessons.
	False traditions as to the Church and surgery and their meaning