The Eighteen Christian Centuries

by James White

[INDEX.]

• Abdelmalek the caliph, [167].
• À-Beckett, the elevation and career of, [290] et seq.
• Abelard, rise of free inquiry with, [280].
• Abou Beker, the exploits, &c. of, [157], [158]
  • —chosen Mohammed’s successor, [160]
  • —his exploits, [161].
• Absolutism, rise of, in France under Louis XIV., [475] et seq.
• Abu Taleb, uncle of Mohammed, [138].
• Academies, establishment of, by Charlemagne, [196].
• Adrian, the emperor, accession and reign of, [45] et seq.
  • —his death, [48].
• Adrian IV., Pope, [289].
• Africa, progress of the Saracens in, [166]
  • —trading-company to, [452].
• Agincourt, battle of, [381].
• Agriculture, state of, in seventh century, [142].
• Agrippina, the empress, [22].
• Alans, the, [100].
• Alaric the Goth, first appearance of, [98]
  • —hostilities with, [101]
  • —sack of Rome, [106]
  • —his death and burial, [107].
• Albigenses, tenets, &c. of the, [299]
  • —the crusade against them, [302] et seq.
• Albinus, a candidate for the empire, [60].
• Alboin, King of the Lombards, [129].
• Alcuin at the court of Charlemagne, [194]
  • —as Abbot of Tours, [195].
• Aleppo taken by the Saracens, [163].
• Alexander VI., character, &c. of, [389], [406].
• Alexandria, the monks of, [115]
  • —taken by the Saracens, and destruction of the library, [163].
• Alexis, the emperor, and the Crusaders, [263].
• Alfred, rise and exploits of, [215].
• Ali becomes caliph, [167]
  • —the exploits &c. of, [157], [158], [160].
• Alva, the Duke of, the St. Bartholomew massacre planned with, [441]
  • —his cruelties in the Netherlands, [441].
• Amadis de Gaul, the romance of, [349].
• America, the discovery of, [396]
  • —growing importance of its discovery, [402]
  • —progress of British power in, [517].
• Amru, the Saracen conqueror, [163].
• Anagni, the arrest of Boniface VIII. at, [329].
• Anglican Church, the, under Henry II., [289] et seq.
• Anglo-Saxons, establishment of the, [120].
• Anne, the literature of the reign of, [506].
• Anselm, learning, &c. of, [247].
• Antharis, conquest of Italy by, [130].
• Antioch, the capture of, by the Crusaders, [264]
  • —the battle of, [265].
• Antoninus Pius, the emperor, his character and reign, [49].
• Aquileia, siege of, by Maximin, [70]
  • —taken by Attila, [110].
• Aquitaine, power of the Dukes of, [204], [232].
• Arcadius, the emperor, [101].
• Architecture, advancement of, during the eleventh century, [242], [243].
• Argentine, Sir Giles d’, death of, [353].
• Arians, enmity between, and the orthodox, [94]
  • —quarrels between, and the Athanasians, [117].
• Aristocracy, the Roman, their decay, [32] et seq.
• Aristotle, supremacy given to, [297].
• Armagnac, the Count of, [364]
  • —struggle between, and Burgundy, [377].
• Armies, the modern, of Europe, [57].
• Arnold of Brescia, the revolt of, [278]
  • —his death, [279].
• Arteveldt, James Van, [355].
• Asia, stationary condition of, [14].
• Asti, siege of, by Alaric, [105]
• Ataulf the Goth, career of, [108].
• Athanasians, division between the, and the Arians, [117].
• Attila the Hun, career of, [109] et seq.
• Augustin, influence of, on Luther, [424].
• Augustus, the supremacy of, [17]
  • —his reign, [18].
• Aulus Plautius, landing of, in England, [21].
• Aurelian, the emperor, [72]
  • —his triumph, [79].
• Austrasia, kingdom of, [155].
• Austria, the power of, in the seventeenth century, [463]
  • —the seven years’ war, [512].
• Auvergne, the Marquises of, [205].
• Avars, junction of the Lombards with the, [129].
• Avignon, acquired by the Pope, [306]
  • —the residence of the Popes at, [342].
• Azores, discovery of the, [395].

• Bacon, Roger, gunpowder known to, [372].
• Badby, John, martyrdom of, [367].
• Bahuchet, a French admiral, [355].
• Balbinus, appointment of, [69]
  • —his death, [70].
• Baldwyn, Count of Flanders, [263]
  • —habits of, in the East, [270].
• Baliol, maintained by Edward I., [319].
• Ballads, influence of, on the common people, [372].
• Bannockburn, the battle of, [352].
• Barbarians, first appearance of the, [25]
  • —their increased incursions, [51]
  • —their continued progress, [71]
  • —their increasing strength, [79] et seq.
• Barbavara, a Genoese admiral, [355].
• Barcho-chebas, the rebellion of the Jews under, [47].
• Bedford, the Duke of, in France, [384].
• Belisarius, exploits of, [124]
  • —disgraced, [125].
• Bells, the invention of, [196].
• Benedict. See St. Benedict.
• Benedict XI. poisoned, [331].
• Benedictine monks, industry, &c. of the, [142].
• Berenger, transubstantiation assailed by, [247].
• Bernard de Goth, elevated to the papacy as Clement V., [331] et seq.
• Beziers, massacre of Albigenses in, [305].
• Bible, Wickliff’s translation of the, [342]
  • —the first book printed by Guttenberg, [422].
• Bishops, increasing alarm of the, in the ninth century, [205]
  • —warlike, of the eleventh century, [251].
• Black Hole of Calcutta, the tragedy of the, [515].
• Blanche, mother of Louis IX., urges the persecution of the Albigenses, [304].
• Blenheim, the battle of, [500].
• Boccaccio, the works of, [344].
• Bohemund, the Crusader, [265].
• Boniface VII., Pope, [236].
• Boniface VIII., bull against Edward I. by, [315]
  • —jubilee celebrated by, [325]
  • —contest with Philip le Bel, [326] et seq.
  • —his arrest, [329] et seq.
  • —his death, [330].
• Boniface, Archbishop of Mayence, [175].
• Books, early value of, [372]
  • —multiplied by printing, [373].
• Borgia, elevation of, to the Papacy, [369].
• Brantôme, the memoirs of, [447].
• Bribery, prevalence of, under Walpole, [505].
• Brittany, power of the Dukes of, [204]
  • —acquired by Rollo the Norman, [226].
• Bruce, the victory of, at Bannockburn, [352].
• Bruges, defeat of the townsmen of, at Cassel, [353].
• Brunehild, cruelties and career of, [150]
  • —her death, [150].
• Brunissende de Périgord, mistress of Clement V., [332].
• Buccaneers, rise of the, [452].
• Burghers, increasing importance of the, [279].
• Burgundians, conquest of Gaul by the, [108].
• Burgundy, kingdom of, [155].
• Busentino, burial of Alaric in the, [107].

• Cade, the insurrection of, [374].
• Cadijah, wife of Mohammed, [138].
• Calais, taken by Edward III., [356].
• Caligula, the character, &c. of, [19].
• Caliphs, habits of the, [165].
• Calvinists and Lutherans, hatred between, [460].
• Cambrai, the league of, [409] et seq.
• Canada, the conquest of, by the British, [517].
• Cannon, first employment of, [342].
• Capetian line, commencement of the, [231].
• Caracalla, character of, [62]
  • —his accession and reign, [65].
• Carausius, the revolt of, [75].
• Carlovingian line, close of the, [231].
• Carthage, subdued by the Saracens, [166].
• Cassel, the battle of, [353].
• Cassius, the rebellion of, [52].
• Cathedrals, building of, during the eleventh century, [242].
• Catherine de Medicis, the massacre of St. Bartholomew planned by, [441].
• Catholicism, resemblances between, and Mohammedanism, [271].
• Cavendish, the naval exploits of, [451].
• Caxton, books printed by, [393].
• Celibacy, priestly, neglect of, during the eleventh century, [252]
  • —enforced by Hildebrand, [256].
• Centuries, characters of different, [13], [15], et seq.
• Chæreas, assassination of Caligula by, [20].
• Châlons, the battle of, [110].
• Change, prevalence of, during eighteenth century, [491].
• Charlemagne, accession and reign of, [186] et seq.
  • —his conquests, [187]
  • —crowned Emperor of the West, [188]
  • —his era, [188] et seq.
  • —his polity, &c., [189]
  • —his court, &c., [193], [194] et seq.
  • —his encouragement of literature, &c., [195] et seq.
  • —his death, and disruption of his empire, [198], [201] et seq.
• Charles, son of Louis the Debonnaire, [201]
  • —character and reign of, [206].
• Charles the Simple and Rollo the Norman, [225], [226], [227].
• Charles VI., decline of the French nobility under, [360] et seq.
  • —death of, [384].
• Charles VII., accession of, [384]
  • —the Maid of Orleans, [386] et seq.
  • —his desertion of her, [389].
• Charles IX., the massacre of St. Bartholomew, [442].
• Charles V., the emperor, extent of his dominions, [404]
  • —and Luther, [427]
  • —close of his career, [431], [432].
• Charles I., unpopularity of, [465]
  • —the execution of, [470].
• Charles II., England under, [472] et seq.
• Charles II. of Spain, death of, and his will, [497].
• Charles Edward, the rising under, [507].
• Charles Martel, the defeat of the Saracens by, [176], [179], et seq.
• Chatham, the ministry of, [513].
• Chaucer, the works of, [344].
• Childeric III., the last of the Merovingians, [182].
• Chivalry, rise of the orders of, [344]
  • —principles inculcated by, [349].
• Chosroes, King of Persia, [158].
• Christ, the birth of and its influence, [17].
• Christian Church, progressive development of the, [76]
  • —its organization, [78]
  • —corruption of the, [114]
  • —divisions in it, [116]
  • —persecutions, [118].
• Christians, persecution of the, by Nero, [23]
  • —policy of Adrian towards, [49].
• Christianity, influence of, [17]
  • —the first effects of, [36]
  • —progress of, [55]
  • —establishment of, by Constantine, [85]
  • —commencing struggle of, with Mohammedanism, [141].
• Church, the privileges conferred on, and its advantages, [145]
  • —corruptions, [147], [148]
  • —at variance with the nobility, [153]
  • —its unity, [155]
  • —state of, in England during eighth century, [172], [173]
  • —monarchical principle established in the, [183]
  • —effects of the Crusades on, [273]
  • —increasing pretensions and power of, [206], [207]
  • —possessions, &c. of, in France in the tenth century, [228]
  • —resistance to it, [230]
  • —policy of Hugh Capet, [231]
  • —state of, during the tenth century, [219]
  • —during the eleventh century, [253]
  • —in England under Henry II., [292] et seq.
  • —conditions of Magna Charta regarding, [308]
  • —changed position of, [342]
  • —state of, in the fifteenth century, [368] et seq.
  • —before the Reformation, [419] et seq.
• Church of England, the, and its influence and tendencies, [457].
• Churches, schism between the Eastern and Western, [133]
  • —rebuilding, &c. of the, in the eleventh century, [242]
  • —their objects, &c., [244] et seq.
• Churchmen, warlike, during the eleventh century, [251].
• Citeaux, the Abbot of, [305].
• Claudius, reign and character of, [20]
  • —his death, [22].
• Clement V., election of, [331], [332]
  • —his rapacity, &c., [332]
  • —the persecution of the Templars, [337] et seq.
• Clergy, the, privileges conferred on, [145]
  • —corruption of the higher, [148]
  • —increasing claims of, in the ninth century, [204] et seq.
  • —claims of, in the tenth century, and resistance to them, [229]
  • —policy of Hugh Capet, [232]
  • —the higher character of, during the twelfth century, [274]
  • —character of, in Provence, [300]
  • —taxed in England by Edward I., [315]
  • —support Henry IV. in England, [365]
  • —the French at the time of the Revolution, [523].
• Clive, the exploits of, [515].
• Clotaire, overthrow of Brunehild by, [150].
• Clothilde, anecdote of, [153].
• Clovis, accession of, in France, [119]
  • —the descendants of, [175]
  • —set aside, [182].
• Cobham, Lord, martyrdom of, [367].
• Colonies, the first English and Dutch, [454].
• Colonna, the arrest of Boniface VIII. by, [329].
• Columbus, the career of, and his discovery of America, [395].
• Commerce, progress of, in England under Elizabeth, [449] et seq.
• Commodus, accession and character of, [58] et seq.
• Commons, rise of the, in England, [306]
  • —House of, first constituted in England, [311].
• Condé, the Great, [478], [481].
• Conrad, the emperor, heads the second Crusade, [284].
• Conservatism, strength of, in England during eighteenth century, [494].
• Constantine, accession of, and removal to Constantinople, [84]
  • —his character, [85]
  • —establishes Christianity, [85]
  • —his system of government, [86]
  • —nobility founded by him, [87]
  • —his system of taxation, [89]
  • —death, [92].
• Constantinople, removal of the seat of empire to, [84]
  • —subordination of the Bishop of, [125]
  • —supremacy claimed for the Bishop of, [132], [133]
  • —assailed by the Saracens, [166]
  • —early subordination of the Popes to, [174]
  • —pretensions of the emperors, [176], [177]
  • —the Crusaders at, [262], [263]
  • —diffusion of learning by capture of, [422].
• Convents, state of the, during the tenth century, [221].
• Coote, Sir Eyre, [516].
• Cornelius and Novatian, the schism between, [78].
• Council of Toledo, the, [151].
• Count, origin of the title of, [88].
• Courtrai, the battle of, [335].
• Covenanters, persecutions of the, in Scotland, [473].
• Crecy, battle of, [356].
• Cromwell, the rise &c. of, [470]
  • —England under, [471].
• Crown, position of the, in England and France during the tenth century, [230]
  • —new position given to the, under Hugh Capet, [233] et seq.
  • —its increasing power, [359] et seq.
• Crusades, first suggestion of the, [242]
  • —the first, [260] et seq.
  • —losses in it, and its effects on Europe, [269]
  • —of children, [269]
  • —the second, [284]
  • —the third, [285]
  • —influence of, on the distribution of wealth, &c., [272]
  • —end of, [316].
• Crusading spirit, first rise of the, [250]
• Cuba, the buccaneers at, [453].
• Culloden, the battle of, [507], [509].
• Cunimond, defeat and death of, [129].
• Curials, the, under the Roman emperors, [90], [523].
• Cyrene, conquest of, by the Saracens, [166].

• Dagobert, King, [151].
• Dance of Death, the, [374].
• Danes, the invasions of the, [209], [210]
  • —their invasions of England, [212] et seq.
  • —their settlements, [214], [215]
  • —continued incursions into England, [234].
• Dante, the works of, [325], [344].
• Democracy, early alliance of the Church with, [154].
• Dettingen, the battle of, [502].
• Diaz, Bartholomew, discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by, [395].
• Didius, purchase of the empire by, [59]
  • —his death, [60].
• Diocletian, accession and reign of, [74]
  • —abdicates, [76]
  • —system introduced by him, [83].
• Dominic, originates the crusade against the Albigenses, [301] et seq.
  • —establishment of the Inquisition under, [304].
• Domitian, the reign of, [28], [34].
• Dorylæum, the battle of, [264].
• Drake, the expeditions of, [451].
• Dress, distinctions from, among the Franks, [152].
• Dudley, the informer, [404].
• Duncan, the victories of, [525].
• Dunois, bastard of Orleans, [387].
• Dutch, the maritime settlements of the, [452].

• East India Company, founding of the, [450].
• Eastern Church, schism of the, [133].
• Eastern empire, falling supremacy of the, [185].
• Ecclesiastical power, decay of, in the thirteenth century, [313].
• Edessa, the Crusaders at, [264].
• Education, measures of Charlemagne for, [195].
• Edward I., taxation of the clergy by, [315]
  • —character of the reign of, [318]
  • —his attempts on Scotland, [319] et seq.
• Edward II., the defeat of, at Bannockburn, [352].
• Edward III., the Garter instituted by, [344]
  • —policy of, his alliance with Flanders, &c., [354] et seq.
  • —war with France, [355] et seq.
  • —battles of Helvoet Sluys and Crecy, [355]
  • —of Poictiers, [356].
• Edward the Black Prince, his treatment of John, [349]
  • —his character, [349]
  • —his victory at Poictiers, [356].
• Egbert, subjugation of the Heptarchy by, [193], [194].
• Eginhart, the life of Charlemagne by, [195].
• Egypt, surrender of Louis IX. in, [317].
• Eleanor, wife of Louis VII., [286].
• Elizabeth, policy of, with regard to the Reformation, [428]
  • —the policy and measures of, and their results, [436] et seq.
  • —the Armada, [444]
  • —papal bull against, [448]
  • —changes in England under, [449].
• Elizabeth, daughter of James I., married to the Elector of Palatine, [462].
• Ella, King of Northumberland, [214].
• Eloisa, influence of, [282].
• Empire of the West, restoration of, under Charlemagne, [188].
• Empson, the creature of Henry VII., [404].
• England, conquest of, by the Romans, and its effects, [21]
  • —severance of, from the Roman Empire, [107]
  • —formation of the Heptarchy in, [120]
  • —state of, in the sixth century, [128]
  • —divided state of, [155]
  • —state of, in the eighth century, [171]
  • —the Church and clergy, [172], [173]
  • —union of, under Egbert, [193], [194]
  • —state of, in the ninth century, [211] et seq.
  • —the invasions of the Danes, [212]
  • —its divided state, [213], [214]
  • —settlements of the Danes, [215]
  • —rise and career of Alfred, [215]
  • —the Church and the Crown in, during the tenth century, [229]
  • —state of, during the tenth century, [234]
  • —origin of the wars with France, [285] et seq.
  • —subservience to the papacy in, [289]
  • —position of the Church, and feeling towards the Normans, [292]
  • —state of, under John, [294]
  • —rise of the Commons, &c. in, [306]
  • —Magna Charta and its effects, [308] et seq.
  • —reign of Henry III., [311]
  • —supremacy of the papacy in, [314]
  • —independence of the Church, [316]
  • —the reign of Edward I. in, [318]
  • —the battle of Bannockburn, [352]
  • —the policy of Edward III., [354]
  • —decline of the nobility in, [360]
  • —divided state of, on accession of Henry IV., [365]
  • —the ballads of, [372]
  • —state of, during fifteenth century, [374]
  • —loss of her French possessions, [376]
  • —conquests of Henry V. in France, [378] et seq.
  • —accession of Henry VIII., [404]
  • —increasing commerce of, [413]
  • —first idea of union with Scotland, [414]
  • —battle of Flodden, [414]
  • —the reformation in, [428]
  • —the reign of Mary in, [433]
  • —the policy of Elizabeth and its results, [436]
  • —progress of, under Elizabeth, [450]
  • —the colonization of America by, [454]
  • —under James I., [455] et seq.
  • —state of parties, &c. on accession of Charles I., [465] et seq.
  • —political and religious parties, [466]
  • —the great rebellion, [468]
  • —the reaction against Puritanism in, [472]
  • —under Charles II., [472]
  • —its degraded position, [473]
  • —ingress of French Protestants into, [484]
  • —reign of James II., [484]
  • —William III., [486]
  • —state, &c. of, during eighteenth century, [493]
  • —state of, under the Georges, [494]
  • —is she a military nation? [496]
  • —the war of the succession, [498] et seq.
  • —the peace of Utrecht, [502]
  • —the ministry of Walpole, &c., [505]
  • —the Pretender in, [509]
  • —supports Frederick the Great, [512]
  • —the rise of her Indian empire, [514] et seq.
  • —the revolt of the United States, [518] et seq.
  • —her progress, [520], [521]
  • —her revolution and freedom contrasted with those of France, [525].
• Episcopacy, James’s attempt to force, on Scotland, [464].
• Ethelbald, the reign of, [214].
• Ethelwolf, the reign of, [214].
• Etiquette, supremacy of, under Louis XIV., [481].
• Eugene, Prince, [501].
• Eugenius III., Pope, [279].
• Eunapius, character of the early monks by, [115].
• Europe, modern, compared with ancient Rome, [56] et seq.
  • —state of, in the seventh century, [167]
  • —in the eighth, [171]
  • —rise of the modern kingdoms of, [190]
  • —state of, during the tenth century, [219]
  • —effects of the first Crusade on, [269]
  • —progressive advances of, [297]
  • —state of, during fifteenth century, [375]
  • —changed aspect of, in sixteenth century, [431]
  • —sensation caused by massacre of St. Bartholomew, [442]
  • —changes in, during eighteenth century, [491], [492]
  • —the seven years’ war, [512].
• Famines, frequency of, during the tenth century, [236].
• Faust and the mention of printing, [391].
• Favorinus the Grammarian, anecdote of, [46].
• Ferdinand of Spain, a party to the league of Cambrai, [409]
  • —declares war against France, [412].
• Ferdinand, the emperor, character and policy of, [462].
• Ferdinand and Isabella, union of Spain under, [403].
• Feudal organization, long retention of, in Scotland, [415].
• Feudal system, origin of the, [149].
• Feudalism, progress of, in the ninth century, [210]
  • —full establishment of, [279]
  • —decay of, [333], [341]
  • —continued decline of, [359].
• Fields of May or March in France, the, [151].
• Fine arts, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, [196].
• Flagellants, tenets, &c. of the, [374].
• Flanders, power of the Dukes of, [232]
  • —rise of the towns of, [277]
  • —the alliance of Edward III. with, [354].
• Flodden, battle of, and its effects, [414], [415], et seq.
• Fontenelle, the abbey of, [244].
• Fontenoy, the battle of, [502].
• France, accession of Clovis in, [119]
  • —accession of Pepin to crown of, [183]
  • —position of, under Charlemagne, [198]
  • —loses the boundary of the Rhine, [203]
  • —power of the great nobles, [204]
  • —state of, during the tenth century, [219]
  • —settlement of Rollo in, [222] et seq.
  • —possessions of the clergy in, [228]
  • —accession of Hugh Capet, [231]
  • —his policy, [232] et seq.
  • —its separation from the empire, [233]
  • —monasteries in, [244]
  • —origin of the English wars, [285] et seq.
  • —the kings of, contrasted with the Plantagenets, [288]
  • —acquisitions of, in Languedoc, &c., [305]
  • —reign of Louis IX. in, [311] et seq.
  • —the parliaments of, [312]
  • —supremacy of the papacy in, [314]
  • —degeneracy of the clergy, [315]
  • —independence of the church, [316]
  • —subserviency of the Popes to, [342]
  • —title of King of, assumed by Edward III., [355]
  • —depressed state of, at close of fourteenth century, [356]
  • —decline, of the nobility in, [360]
  • —state of, during fifteenth century, [374], [375]
  • —expulsion of the English from, [376]
  • —its history during the century, [376]
  • —career of Joan of Arc, [386]
  • —accession of Francis I., [405]
  • —a party to the league of Cambrai, [409]
  • —the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, [442]
  • —changes witnessed by Brantôme in, [448]
  • —rise of absolutism under Louis XIV. in, [475] et seq.
  • —policy of Richelieu and reign of Louis XIII., [476] et seq.
  • —the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, [483]
  • —changes in, during eighteenth century, [491]
  • —contests in India and America with, [513]
  • —the policy and overthrow of, in India, [514] et seq.
  • —depression and discontent before the Revolution, [517]
  • —aids the North American colonies, [519]
  • —causes of the Revolution, [522]
  • —general discontent, [523]
  • —the Revolution, [524] et seq.
• Francis I., accession and character of, [405]
  • —death of, [431].
• Franks, tribes composing the, [71]
  • —state of the, in the sixth century, [128]
  • —institutions, &c. of the, [151]
  • —divisions of their kingdom, [155].
• Frederick the Great, the career of, [512].
• Frederick, Elector Palatine, marriage of, to Elizabeth of England, [462].
• Frederick Barbarossa, capture, &c. of Rome by, [279].
• Free lances, the rise, &c. of the, [350] et seq.
• Freedom, rise of, in England, [306] et seq.
• French ballads, the early, [372].
• French Revolution, the, [524] et seq.
• Fritigern, defeat of Valens by, [100].
• Froissart, the writings of, and their influence, [347].
• Fronde, the wars of the, [478].

• Galba, the emperor, [24].
• Garter, institution of order of, [344].
• Gaul, severance of, from the Roman empire, [108].
• Gebhard, Elector of Cologne, [460].
• Genoa, prosperity of, during the Crusades, [272]
  • —greatness of, [277].
• Genseric, sack of Rome by, [111].
• George I. and II., characters of, [494].
• George III., loyalty to, in England, [494]
  • —the alleged loss of the United States by his obstinacy, [518].
• Georges, England under the, [494].
• Germans, defeat of the, by Probus, [73].
• Germany, state of, in the sixth century, [128]
  • —divided state of, [155]
  • —separation between France and the Empire, and reign of Otho the Great, [234]
  • —progress, &c. of the Reformation in, [460]
  • —ingress of French Huguenots into, [484].
• Geta, murder of, [65].
• Gibraltar, cession of, to England, [501].
• Gladiatorial shows, passion of the Romans for, [34] et seq.
• Glo’ster, the Duke of, uncle of Henry VI., [384].
• Godfrey of Bouillon, [263]
  • —chosen King of Jerusalem, [266]
  • —his death, [270].
• Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, [395].
• Gordian, appointed emperor, [69]
  • —his reign, [70]
  • —his death, [72].
• Goths, first appearance of the, [98]
  • —admitted within the empire, [99].
• Gothia, the Marquises of, [205].
• Granada, loss of, by the Moors, [403].
• Great Britain, the union of, [502], See England.
• Great Rebellion, origin and history of the, [467] et seq.
• Greek fire, the, [166].
• Gregory the Great, Pope, [133].
• Gregory VII., (Hildebrand,) career, &c. of, [249] et seq., [255] et seq. See Hildebrand.
• Gregory IX., persecution of the Albigenses under, [305].
• Guienne, how acquired by England, [286].
• Guinegate, the battle of, [418].
• Gunpowder, influence of discovery of, [342].
• Guthrum, alliance of, with Alfred, [215].
• Guttenberg, the invention of printing by, [390]
  • —printing of the Bible by, [422].

• Hadrian. See Adrian.
• Hair, distinction from the, among the Franks, [152].
• Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., [378].
• Harold of the Fair Hair, the reign of, [213].
• Hastings the Dane, defeated by Alfred, [216]
  • —enters the service of France, [224].
• Heathenism, Julian’s attempt to restore, [95] et seq.
• Hegira, the, [157].
• Helena, the mother of Constantine, [86].
• Heliogabalus, the reign of, [66].
• Helvoet Sluys, battle of, [355].
• Henrietta Maria, unpopularity of, [466].
• Henry I., acquisition of Normandy by, [285].
• Henry II., claims of, on France, [286]
  • —character of, [288]
  • —and À-Beckett, [289] et seq.
  • —his death, [294].
• Henry III., reign of, in England, [311].
• Henry IV., divided state of England under, [365].
• Henry V., persecution of the Lollards under, [365], [366]
  • —invasion of France by, [377]
  • —captures Harfleur, [378]
  • —battle of Agincourt, [381]
  • —his death, [384].
• Henry VI. recognised as King of France, [384].
• Henry VII., character, &c. of, [371]
  • —treasure accumulated by, and how, [404].
• Henry VIII., accession and character of, [404]
  • —declares war against France, [412]
  • —triumphs of, in 1513, [418]
  • —controversy of, with Luther, [426]
  • —throws off the papal supremacy, [430]
  • —death of, [431].
• Henry III. of France, the murder of, [448].
• Henry, the emperor, [237].
• Henry IV. of Germany, attacks of Hildebrand on, [256]
  • —the struggle between them, [257] et seq.
  • —the death of, [260].
• Heptarchy, the, [120]
  • —subjugation of the, by Egbert, [193], [194].
• Heraclius, Emperor of the East, [158].
• Heresies, various, of the thirteenth century, [298].
• Heretics, first crusade against the, [302] et seq.
  • —first law against, in England, [365].
• Highlanders, the, in the Forty-Five, [510].
• Hildebrand, the career, &c. of, [249] et seq., [255] et seq.
  • —his struggle with the emperor, [257] et seq.
  • —his death, [259].
• Hippo subdued by the Saracens, [166].
• Hira subjugated by the Mohammedans, [162].
• History, uses of, and difficulties of studying it from its extent, [11].
• Holland, increasing commerce of, [412]
  • —the colonies of, [454].
• Holy Land, the first Crusade to the, [262]
  • —and last, [317].
• Honorius, the emperor, [101]
  • —besieged by Alaric, [105]
  • —murders Stilicho, [106].
• Hugh Capet, accession of, to the French throne, [231]
  • —his policy, [232].
• Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois, [263].
• Huguenots, the, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, [483].
• Huns, first appearance of the, [99].
• Huss, the martyrdom of, [367].

• Iconoclast emperor, the, [185].
• Images, defence, &c. of, [185] et seq.
• Immaculate conception, dogma of the, [283].
• India, Vasco da Gama’s voyage to, [401]
  • —effect of the new route to, on Venice, [412]
  • —rise of the British power in, [491], [514] et seq.
• Indulgences, protest of Luther against, [425].
• Innocent III., originates the crusade against the Albigenses, [302] et seq.
  • —excommunication of John by, [307], [310].
• Innovation, general tendency to, during eighteenth century, [493] et seq.
• Inquiry, commencement of, with Scotus Erigena, [207]
  • —rise of, with the Crusades, [280].
• Inquisition, the, established under Dominic, [304].
• Intellect, direction of, in the present century, [13].
• Invention, the present century distinguished by, [13].
• Investiture, claims of Hildebrand regarding, [257] et seq.
• Irish Church, the early, its state, &c., [156].
• Isabella, queen of Charles VI., profligacy of, [362].
• Italy, ravaged by Attila, [110]
  • —irruption of the Lombards into, [129]
  • —state of, in seventh century, [141]
  • —divided state of, [155]
  • —state of, during the tenth Century, [235]
  • —conquests of the Normans in, [254]
  • —rise of the republics of, [277]
  • —state of, before the Reformation, [420].

• Jacobite songs, the, [510].
• Jacques de Molay, death of, [339].
• James I., England under, [455]
  • —influence of his character, &c., [458]
  • —his conduct towards the Elector Palatine, [464]
  • —his attempt to introduce Episcopacy into Scotland, [464].
• James II., persecution of the Covenanters by, [473]
  • —accession of, in England, and his dethronement, [485]
  • —death of, [498].
• James III., the rebellion in favour of, [503].
• James IV. of Scotland married to Margaret of England, [414]
  • —the battle of Flodden, [416].
• Jamestown, the first English settlement in America, [454].
• Jerome, the martyrdom of, [367].
• Jerusalem, importance given by Christianity to, [17]
  • —the capture and destruction of, [30] et seq.
  • —named Ælia Capitolina by Adrian, [47]
  • —taken by the Saracens, [162]
  • —commencement of pilgrimage to, [260]
  • —the capture of, by the Crusaders, [266]
  • —the kingdom of, [266].
• Jervis, the victories of, [525].
• Jesuits, institution and influence of the, [435].
• Jews, the dispersion of the, [30] et seq.
  • —their rebellion against Adrian, [46]
  • —crusade against the, [251]
  • —spoliation of, by Philip le Bel, [333].
• Joan of Arc, history of, [386] et seq.
  • —her death, [390].
• John, (of England,) character of, [288]
  • —state of England under, [294]
  • —excommunication, &c. of, [307]
  • —signs Magna Charta, [308]
  • —his attempt to evade the charter, [310].
• John, (of France,) the treatment of, by Edward the Black Prince, [349]
  • —his capture at Poictiers and ransom, [356].
• John XII., Pope, [236].
• John, Duke of Burgundy, [361]
  • —murders Louis of Orleans, [362]
  • —assumes the regency, [363]
  • —rule of, in France, [376].
• John, Bishop of Constantinople, supremacy claimed by, [133].
• Jovian, the emperor, [97].
• Jubilee, the, in 1300, [325].
• Julian the Apostate, reign and character of, [93] et seq.
• Julius II., character of, [408]
  • —acquisitions from Venice, [410]
  • —declares war against France, &c., [410]
  • —impression made on Luther by, [424].
• Justinian, efforts of, to recover Italy, [124]
  • —internal government of, [134]
  • —his law-reforms, [135] et seq.
  • —re-introduction of code of, [297].