The Eighteen Christian Centuries - James White

Khaled, the lieutenant of Mohammed, [158]
- —his exploits, [162]
- —and death, [163].
Kieff, the kingdom of, [213].
Kilmich, murder of Alboin by, [130].
Kingdoms, modern, rise of, [190].
Klodwig or Clovis, accession of, in France, [119]. See Clovis.
Knight, position, &c. of the, [334], [335].
Knighthood, decay of, [333], [341].

Lally, Count, the execution of, [516].
Land, grants of, and system these originate, [149].
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, [247]
- —defends transubstantiation, [247].
Languedoc, the Albigenses in, [299]
- —extirpation of the Albigenses in, [304]
- —peace of, [305].
Laud, Archbishop, [467]
- —execution of, [468].
Law, the reform of, by Justinian, [135].
Laws, great increase of, in Rome, [67].
Lea, defeat of the Danes at the, [216].
Learning, advancement of, during the eleventh century, [246] et seq.
Leo the Iconoclast, [185].
Leo, Pope, Rome saved from Attila by, [110].
Leo X., character of, [407]
- —influence of, on the Reformation, [425].
Leuds or Feudatories, the, [149]
- —their struggle with the crown, [150] et seq.
Libraries, early, [372].
Liege, massacre at, by John the Fearless, [363].
Literature, revival of, with Dante, &c., [344]
- —the modern, of England, [345]
- —slow diffusion of, before printing, [372]
- —French, under Louis XIV., [481]
- —English, during the eighteenth century, [506].
Lombards, or Longobards, irruption of the, [129] et seq.
- —character and polity of the, [131] et seq.
Long Parliament, the, [468].
Lothaire, son of Louis the Debonnaire, [201], [202], [203]
- —emperor, [204].
Louis, origin of name of, [120].
Louis the Debonnaire, reign of, [200].
Louis, son of Louis the Debonnaire, [201].
Louis VII. heads the second Crusade, [284]
- —divorces his wife, [286].
Louis VIII., crusade against the Albigenses under, [304].
Louis IX., crusade against the Albigenses under, [304]
- —character and reign of, [311] et seq.
- —seventh Crusade under, [317]
- —prisoner and ransomed, [317]
- —his death, [318].
Louis XI., first despotic King of France, [371].
Louis XII., a party to the league of Cambrai, [409]
- —war with the Pope, [411]
- —expelled from Italy, [412].
Louis XIII., reign of, in France, [476].
Louis XIV., accession of, [469]
- —rise of, as the absolute King, [475] et seq.
- —the accession, policy, and reign of, [479]
- —private life of, [482]
- —the revocation or the Edict of Nantes, [483]
- —his reception, &c. of James II., [485], [486]
- —his successes in war, [486]
- —peace of Ryswick, [487]
- —the war of the Succession, [489] et seq.
- —the peace of Utrecht, [502].
Louis XVI., the execution of, [524].
Louis of Orleans, struggle of, with John of Burgundy, [361]
- —his murder, [362].
Lower classes, how regarded by the Crusaders, [271].
Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, [406]
- —character of, and institution of the Jesuits by, [434].
Luitprand, King of Lombardy, [182], [183].
Luther, early life of, [406]
- —the rise and career of, [423] et seq.
- —death of, [431].
Lutherans and Calvinists, hatred between, [460].
Luxembourg, the marshal, [481]
- —the victories of, [486].

Macrinus, the emperor, [66].
Magdeburg, the sack of, [466].
Magna Charta, effects of, [306], [308]
- —its conditions, [308] et seq.
Magyars, first appearance of the, [99].
Mahomet. See Mohammed.
Maid of Norway, the, [319].
Maintenon, Madame de, married to Louis XIV., [482].
Marcus Aurelius, accession and reign of, [50] et seq.
Marlborough, the victories of, [499] et seq.
Martin V., Pope, [368].
Mary, the reign of, in England, [433].
Mary of Scotland, policy of Elizabeth toward, [437] et seq.
- —defence of her execution, [439], [443].
Mary de Medicis, position of, in France, [475].
Matilda, the countess, [255], [258].
Maximilian, the emperor, a party to the league of Cambrai, [409]
- —hostilities with the Pope, [411]
- —proposed as his successor, [411]
- —turns against the French, [412]
- —in the pay of Henry VIII., [418]
- —and Luther, [426].
Maximian, the emperor, [75]
- —abdicates, [76].
Maximin, the accession and reign of, [68].
Maximus, appointment of, [69]
- —his death, [70].
Mayors of the palace, origin of the, [150]
- —powers, &c. of the, [176].
Mazarin, the cardinal, the policy, &c. of, [478]
- —his death, [479].
Mecca, capture of, by Mohammed, [158].
Mediterranean, supremacy of Rome over the, [56]
- —diminished importance of the, [413].
Meroveg, King of the Franks, [110].
Messalina, the empress, [20]
- —her death, [22].
Mexico, conquest of, by the Spaniards, [404].
Michelet, picture of France in the ninth century by, [208].
Middle Ages, commencement of the, [131].
Middle class, destruction of the, under the Roman emperors, [90].
Milan, sack of, by the Franks, &c., [124].
Military spirit, strength of the, in England, [496].
Military strength, the, of ancient Rome and modern Europe, [56] et seq.
Minorca ceded to England, [502].
Mirandola, Julius II. at siege of, [410].
Mohammed, birth and career of, [138]
- —death of, [159]
- —his successors, [159] et seq.
Mohammedanism, commencing struggle of, with Christianity, [141]
- —progress of, [157] et seq.
- —first arrested by battle of Tours, [179]
- —resemblances between, and Catholicism, [271].
Monarchical principle, restoration of the, with Pepin, [183].
Monasteries, influence of, on agriculture, [143]
- —their intelligence, &c., [146]
- —commencement of corruption, [147]
- —the early English, [173]
- —reformation of, by St. Benedict, [200]
- —state of the, during the tenth century, [221]
- —number of, in France, [244]
- —dissolution of the, in England, [430].
Monks, the early, [115]
- —industry, &c. of, [142] et seq.
- —the early English, [172], [173]
- —gluttony, &c. of the, [274]
- —degeneracy of in the thirteenth century, [314].
Moors, final loss of Spain by the, [403].
Municipalities, rise of the [277]
- —their growing importance, [279].
Murder, fines for, among the Franks, [152].
Music, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, [197].

Nantes, edict of, its revocation, [483].
Napoleon, the rise, &c. of, [525].
Narses, exploits of, in Italy, [127].
National debt, the English, its growth, [493].
Navareta, the battle of, [351].
Navies of Modern Europe, the, [57] et seq.
Nelson, the victories of, [525].
Netherlands, Alva’s cruelties in the, [441].
Nero, character and reign of, [22].
Nerva, the emperor, [42], [44].
Neustria, kingdom of, [155].
Nice, the Council of, [92].
Nicea taken by the Crusaders, [264].
Nicene creed, the, [92].
Nicholas Breakspear becomes pope, [289].
Niger, a candidate for the empire, [60].
Nobility, new, originated by Constantine, [87]
- —collision between, and the Church, [153]
- —policy of Hugh Capet towards the, [232]
- —effects of the Crusades on the, [276]
- —conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, [308]
- —decline of the, [359] et seq.
- —policy of Richelieu against the, [476] et seq.
- —the French, at the time of the Revolution, [523].
Nogaret, Chancellor of France, [329].
Nominalists, rise of the, [248].
Normans, the conquest of England by the, [253]
- —feeling against the, in England, [292].
Norman kings, character of the, [288].
Normandy, settlement of the Normans in, [222] et seq.
- —power of the dukes, [232].
Norsemen, Charlemagne’s prescience regarding the, [197]
- —progress of the, in the ninth century, [208]
- —their invasions of England, [212] et seq.
- —results of the settlements of the, in France, [219]
- —settlement under Rollo, [222] et seq.
North America, the English colonization of, [454].
Novellæ of Justinian, the, [136].
Novatian and Cornelius, the schism between, [78].
Novgorod, the kingdom of, [213].
Nunneries, reformation of, by St. Benedict, [200]
- —of the twelfth century, the, [283].

Odoacer, King of Italy, [111]
- —overthrow of, [118].
Omar, the lieutenant of Mohammed, [158], [160]
- —chosen caliph, [162]
- —destruction of the Alexandrian library, [164]
- —his habits, [163], [165].
Orleans, the siege of, [385]
- —relieved by Joan of Arc, [387] et seq.
Ostrogoths, overthrow of the, in Italy, [127].
Otho, the emperor, [24].
Otho the Great, the emperor, [234].

Padua, destroyed by Attila, [110].
Palos, the return of Columbus to, [397].
Palestine, eagerness for news from, during the Crusades, [275].
Pandects of Justinian, the, [136].
Pantheism, form of, in the thirteenth century, [298].
Papacy, the, state of, during the tenth century, [220], [235]
- —supremacy of, under Hildebrand, [250] et seq.
- —general subjection to, [289]
- —triumphs of, in the thirteenth century, [314]
- —diminished consideration of, [325]
- —struggle of Philip the Handsome with, [326] et seq.
- —the schism in, [342]
- —state of, in the fifteenth century, [369].
Papal supremacy, the, abjured by England, [430].
Paper, first manufacture of, from rags, [392].
Paris, state of, under John the Fearless, [364]
- —the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, [442].
Parliament, first summoned in England, [313]
- —concessions wrung from Edward I. by, [320].
Parliaments, the French, what, [312].
Party libels, prevalence of, under Walpole, [505].
Passau, the treaty of, [431].
Peasantry, the, insurrection of, during fourteenth century, [356]
- —state of, during fifteenth century, [374] et seq.
- —the French, before the Revolution, [521].
People, state of the, under the early emperors, [34] et seq.
- —conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, [309].
Pepin, accession of, [182]
- —crowned king, [183].
Persia, new monarchy of, [71]
- —subdued by the Mohammedans, [165].
Pertinax, accession and murder of, [59].
Pestilence, frequency of, during the tenth century, [236].
Peter the Hermit, preaches the first Crusade, [262].
Peterborough, Lord, the victories of, in Spain, [501].
Petrarch, the works of, [344], [346].
Philip, the emperor, [72].
Philip I. of France, attacks of Hildebrand on, [256].
Philip le Bel, struggle of, with Boniface VIII., [326] et seq.
- —arrests the latter, [329] et seq.
- —poisons Benedict XI., [331]
- —secures election of Bernard de Goth, [331]
- —the persecution of the Templars, [337] et seq.
Philip VI., war with Edward III., [355].
Philip II., accession of, [432]
- —the Spanish Armada, [444].
Philip of Valois, the victory of, at Cassel, [353].
Philip Augustus, conquest of the English possessions by, [305].
Pinkie, the battle of, [415].
Pitt, (Lord Chatham,) the ministry of, [513].
Plague of Florence, the, [356].
Plantagenets, character of the, [288].
Plassey, the battle of, [513], [516].
Pococke, Admiral, exploits of, in the East, [516].
Poictiers, the battle of, [356].
Poitou, how acquired by England, [286].
Poland, the partition of, [492].
Polemo, a philosopher, anecdote of, [50].
Pompeia Plotina, wife of Trajan, [45].
Pondicherry, the capture of, by the English, [516].
Poor, relations of the Church to the, [274].
Pope, the claims to supremacy of, [132] et seq.
- —efforts of the early English monks on behalf of, [172], [173]
- —his position in the eighth century, [174], [175]
- —alliance, &c. between Charles Martel and, [182]
- —crowns Pepin, [183]
- —supremacy of, after Hildebrand, [259]
- —the revolt of Arnold of Brescia against, [278]
- —his supremacy denied by the Albigenses, [299]
- —position, &c. of, before the Reformation, [420].
Popes, the, the claims of supremacy by, [148]
- —increasing supremacy of, [133]
- —increasing pretensions of, [186], [190]
- —subservience of, to France, [342]
- —the rival, [342].
Popular assemblies, early, [151].
Portugal, maritime discoveries of, [395]
- —increasing naval power of, [412].
Prætorian Guards, sale of the empire by the, [59].
Printing, influences of, [14]
- —discovery of, and its effects, [373], [391]
- —growing importance of discovery of, [402].
Probus, the emperor, [72]
- —his conquests and policy, [73].
Protestantism, influence of, [402]
- —establishment of, by treaty of Passau, [431]
- —established in England under Elizabeth, [436] et seq.
Protestants, the, expelled from France, [484].
Provençal dialect, disappearance of the, [304].
Prussia, rise of, during eighteenth century, [491], [492]
- —the seven years’ war, [512].
Puritanism, origin, &c. of, in England, [456] et seq., [464]
- —growing tendency to, [466].

Quebec, the battle of, [513].

Raleigh, the naval exploits of, [452].
Ravenna, the Exarch of, [137]
- —the exarchate of, [177]
- —transferred to the Pope, [183].
Raymond of Toulouse, the leader of the Albigenses, [299].
Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse, [303]
- —deprived of his possessions, [306].
Realists, rise of the, [248].
Rebellion of 1715, the, [504]
- —and of 1745, [507].
Reformation, influences of the, [14]
- —supreme importance of, [419]
- —state of the Church before it, [419] et seq.
- —the rise of the, [422] et seq.
Regner Lodbrog, [214].
Relics, the system of, [262]
- —passion for, during the Crusades, [276].
Religion, state of, during the tenth century, [219]
- —in the thirteenth century, [298]
- —before the reformation, [422].
Republics, the Italian, rise of, [277].
Revolution of 1688, the, [485].
Rheims, coronation of Charles VII. at, [388].
Richard Cœur de Lion, character of, [288]
- —heads the third Crusade, [285].
Richelieu, Cardinal, [449]
- —the policy of, and its results, [476] et seq.
- —the death of, [468].
Robert of Normandy, the Crusader, [263]
- —loss of Normandy by, [285]
- —a prisoner in England, [286].
Robert, son of Hugh Capet, [237].
Robert Guiscard, conquests of, in Italy, [254]
- —sack of Rome by, [258].
Rochelle, the capture of, from the Huguenots, [476], [477].
Rois fainéants, the [175], [176].
Rollo, settlement of, in Normandy, [222] et seq.
- —created Duke of Normandy, [225] et seq.
Romans, the conquest of England by, and its effects, [21]
- —passion of, for gladiatorial shows, [34].
Roman empire, first broken in on by the barbarians, [51]
- —its extent and forces, [56]
- —compared with modern Europe, [57] et seq.
- —divided into East and West, [97].
Roman law, reintroduction of, in Europe, [297].
Rome, the supremacy of, the characteristic of the first century, [16]
- —power of the emperor, [20]
- —state of, during the first century, [35]
- —increasing weakness of, [79] et seq.
- —removal of the seat of empire from, [84]
- —the sack of, by Alaric, [106]
- —sacked by the Vandals, [111]
- —causes of her fall, [111] et seq.
- —recovered by Belisarius, [124]
- —taken, &c. by Totila, [125]
- —supremacy of the Bishop of, [126] et seq.
- —fallen state of, in the sixth century, [133]
- —the Bishops of, claim supremacy, [148]
- —influence of the unity of, [184]
- —state of during the tenth century, [235]
- —sack of, by the Normans, [258]
- —the Crusaders at, [262]
- —Arnold of Brescia in, [278]
- —jubilee at, 1300, [325]
- —state of, before the Reformation, [420]
- —Luther at, [424].
Romish Church, influence of the Jesuits on, [434] et seq.
- —rejoicings of, on massacre of St. Bartholomew, [442].
Romulus Augustulus, the emperor, [111].
Rosamund, wife of Alboin, [129].
Roses, the wars of the, [393]
- —effect of, on the nobility, [360].
Rouen, occupied by the Normans, [222]
- —execution of Joan of Arc at, [390].
Royal power, general consolidation of, in the fifteenth century, [370].
Russia, the Danes in, [213]
- —rise of, during eighteenth century, [491], [492]
- —the seven years’ war, [512].

St. Bartholomew, the massacre of, [442]
- —its effects, [442].
St. Benedict, industry, &c. inculcated by, [142], [143]
- —the second, [200].
St. Bernard on the luxury, &c. of the clergy, [274]
- —discussions of, with Abelard, [281]
- —the second Crusade originated by, [284].
St. Boniface, coronation of Pepin by, [183].
St. Columba, and Brunehild, [150].
St. Dominic. See Dominic.
St. Francis of Assisi, [315].
St. Louis. See Louis IX.
St. Remi, Clovis baptized by, [119].
Sapor, the capture of Valerian by, [72]
- —death of Julian in war with, [96].
Saracens, the, the conquests of, [162] et seq.
- —their defeat by Charles Martel, [176], [179] et seq.
- —in Spain, [246]
- —crusade against, in Italy, [251]
- —in Palestine, [270], [271].
Sarmatians, the, [71].
Sassanides, dynasty of, [71].
Saxons, feeling of the, towards the Normans in England, [292].
Saxony, the Elector of, and Luther, [426], [428].
Scholastic philosophy, rise of the, [247].
Schools, establishment of, under Charlemagne, [195].
Scotland, state of, in the eighth century, [171], [172]
- —resistance to the papacy in, [314]
- —Edward I.’s attempt on, [319] et seq.
- —the battle of Bannockburn, [352]
- —the ballads of, [372]
- —effects of battle of Flodden in, [414], [418]
- —its subsequent state, [415] et seq.
- —the policy of Elizabeth in, [437] et seq.
- —James’s attempt to force Episcopacy on, [464]
- —persecution of the Covenanters in, [473]
- —the Union Act, [502]
- —the rebellion of 1715, [504]
- —and of 1745, [507].
Scotus Erigena, career, &c. of, [207].
Septimania, power of the Dukes of, [204].
Serfs, conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, [309].
Seven years’ war, the, [512].
Severus, Alexander, accession and reign of, [67].
Severus, Septimius, accession and reign of, [60] et seq.
Sicily, conquest of, by the Normans, [255].
Simon de Montfort, the crusade against the Albigenses under, [302]
- —his death, [303].
Simon de Montfort, summoning of parliament by, [313].
Sixtus V., approval of the murder of Henry III. by, [448].
Slaves, state of the, under the Romans, [35], [90].
Smalcalde, the Protestant league of, [429].
Society, state of, under James I., [455].
Solway Moss, the battle of, [414].
South Sea bubble, the, [505].
Spain, severance of, from the Roman empire, [108]
- —the Saracens in, [246]
- —threatened predominance of, in sixteenth century, [402]
- —its increasing importance, [403]
- —increasing naval power of, [412]
- —consolidation of, in the sixteenth century, [413]
- —continued hostilities with, at sea, [451]
- —the attacks of the buccaneers on her colonies, &c., [452].
Spanish Armada, the, and its defeat, [444].
Spanish Succession, the war of the, [498] et seq.
Spurs, the battle of the, at Courtrai, [336]
- —at Guinegate, [418].
Staupitz, connection of, with Luther, [423].
Stephen, the wars of, in England, [292].
Stilicho, opposed to Alaric, [101], [105]
- —his murder, [106].
Strafford, execution of, [468].
Succession, the war of the, [498] et seq.
Sulpician, a candidate for the empire, [59].
Supino, betrayal of Anagni by, [328].
Surenus, minister of Trajan, [45].
Surrey, the Earl of, at Flodden, [416].
Switzerland, ingress of French Protestants into, [484].
Sylvester II., Pope, [238], [242]
- —his character, &c., [246].
Syria, progress of Mohammedanism in, [158], [161].

Talbot, raises the siege of Orleans, [387].
Tancho, the invention of bells by, [196].
Taxes, system of collecting, under Constantine, [89].
Taylor, Rowland, the martyr, [433].
Tchuda, check of the Saracens at, [166].
Templars, the destruction of the, [337] et seq.
- —the charges against them, [340].
Tetzel, the sale of indulgences by, [425].
Theodora, wife of Justinian, [134].
Theodoric the Goth, at the battle of Châlons, [110].
Theodoric, the reign of, [119]
- —his supremacy, [123]
- —his death, [123].
Theodosius, the emperor, [101].
Tiberius, the reign of, [18]
- —his character, [19].
Tilly, the sack of Magdeburg by, [466].
Timbuctoo, expedition by Englishmen to, [452].
Tinchebray, the battle of, [286].
Titus, the reign of, [28]
- —the siege and capture of Jerusalem, [30] et seq.
Torstenson, the victories of, [468].
Totila, King of the Goths, [125], [127].
Toulouse, the Marquises of, [205]
- —power of the Dukes of, [232]
- —the Albigenses in, [299].
Tours, the battle of, [179] et seq.
Towns, effect of the Crusades on the, [273], [277]
- —increasing power of the, in the fourteenth century, [334].
Trajan, the accession and reign of, [42], [44] et seq.
Transubstantiation, doctrine of, [247].
Trebonian, the Justinian code drawn up by, [136].
Tripoli, conquered by the Saracens, [167].
Troubadours, attacks on the clergy by the, [300].
Truce of God, the, [238].
Tunis, crusade of Louis IX. against, [318].
Turenne, the victories of, [478], [481].