Vypište dole udaná čísla slovy, dbejte, aby číslovky byly v správném pádu: Stalo se to 28. července 1914. Karel Havlíček, český spisovatel, narodil se 31. října, 1821 a zemřel 29. července 1856. Přijďte k nám v pondělí 12. srpna. Jeden dům 2 pánů nestrpí. Duha stkví se 7 barvami. Sedlák má 4 koně.
XXXIV.
In previous lessons the active voice of the Bohemian in the indicative and conditional moods was treated. Before taking up the passive forms, we shall study the two aspects (významy) of the Bohemian verb, namely the perfective and imperfective.—Slovesa dokonavá a nedokonavá.
The perfective aspect denotes: a) that the action has been quite completed: stal jsem se: I have become; usekl jsem I have cut off; or b) that the action will be definitely completed in the future: stanu se I’ll become, useknu I shall cut off, koupím I shall buy.
The perfective verbs have no present tense, but they have a present form which, however, has a future signification and is called the simple future, jednoduchý budoucí čas. Most of the perfective verbs are formed from the imperfective by the addition of prefixes. Ex.: nésti to carry, nesu I carry, donésti carry to, donesu I shall carry to or I shall deliver. Donesl jsem I have delivered. Therefore the simple future is formed by giving a suitable prefix to the present form of the verb.
The imperfect verbs (nedokonavá slovesa) express an action: a) either continuing (durative verbs, trvalá slovesa); nesu I am carrying, mluvím I am talking (best rendered into English by progressive form), or b) a repeating action (iterative verb, opakovací sloveso) nosím, I use to carry, čítám, I use to read, čítal jsem, I used to read. The repetition of an action is made more marked by the introduction of the syllable (vložka, infix) vá or v before final personal ending; nosím I use to carry, nosívám I use to carry, from time to time, chodívám I am in the habit of walking.
The distinction between the perfective, imperfective, durative and iterative verbs is very important. A verb may be made to assume either aspect, perfective, durative or iterative: zavolám I shall call up, volám I am calling, volávám I use to call, I am in the habit of calling. By employing the proper form the Bohemian verb expresses the very fine shades of thought with extreme vividness: Example: psáti, to write. Budu psáti dopis, I shall be writing a letter (and might not complete it). Napíši psaní means I’ll write and finish the letter. Psal jsem, I wrote. Napsal jsem, I have written. Dopsal jsem, I have finished writing. Rozepsal jsem se, I have started to write at length. We shall take up this variation of meaning and of value of the Bohemian verb by studying the verbal prefixes. These prefixes, most of which are also prepositions, see the [lesson XV.] for their meaning as prepositions, are employed also in building nouns. Ex.: mluva speech; úmluva oral agreement; rozmluva conversation; pomluva calumny (evil speech). A thorough study of the prefixes therefore will enable us to understand very large classes of words and also their possible variations in meaning. As an example of what the Bohemian verb is capable to express, let us take up derivations of the verb jíti, to go.
Došel jsem brzy do města, neboť jsem si nadešel hezký kus cesty. Sotva jsem ušel kus cesty, našel jsem tobolku. Když jsem přišel do města, odevzdal jsem ji na úřadě. Myslil jsem: Odejdu odsud a projdu seb na zdravém vzduchu. Rozejděte se v pokoji. Nevejdu do vašeho domu. Obešel jsem náměstí a přešel jsem most. Slunce zašlo. Letos obilí pěkně vzešlo.