A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, Volume 2 (of 2) - Johann Beckmann

INDEX.

Adulteration of wine, i. [245];
ancients clarified their wine with gypsum, i. [250];
potters-earth used for clarifying wine, ib.;
Jacob Ehrni beheaded for adulterating wine, i. [253];
arsenical liver of sulphur used for detecting metal in wine, ib.;
fumigating with sulphur, i. [255];
adulteration with milk, i. [256];
adulteration of wine in England, ib.
Air-chamber, when first applied to the fire-engine, ii. [252].
Alum, i. [180];
alum of the ancients was vitriol, ib.;
places where they procured it, i. [182];
use of the ancient alum to secure buildings from fire, i. [184];
invention of the modern alum, i. [185];
alumen roccæ, i. [186];
the oldest alum-works in the Levant, i. [187];
the oldest in Europe on the island of Ænaria, i. [188];
origin of those at Tolfa or Civita Vecchia, i. [190];
at Volterra, i. [193];
Popes’ exclusive trade in alum, i. [194];
oldest alum-work in Germany, i. [195];
the first in England, i. [196].
Apothecaries, i. [326];
Greek and Roman physicians prepared their own medicines, i. [327];
their employment in the 13th and 14th centuries, i. [329];
pharmacy first separated from medicine by the Arabian physicians, ib.;
medical establishments in Europe formed after that at Salerno, i. [331];
English apothecaries, i. [333];
French, ib.;
German, i. [333–338];
portable apothecary’s shop at the Byzantine court, i. [339];
first dispensatory, ib.
Aquafortis, first intelligible account of, i. [506].
Archil, i. [35];
known to the ancients, i. [36];
art of dyeing with, brought, in 1300, from the Levant, i. [38];
account of the family of the Oricellarii or Rucellai, who made that art known in Italy, ib.;
trade of the Canary islands with, i. [39];
of the Cape de Verde islands, i. [40];
invention of Lacmus, [41].
Artichoke, i. [212];
cinara of the ancients the same with the carduus, i. [213];
Scolymus described, i. [215];
not our artichoke, i. [216];
Cactus, what parts of it were eaten, i. [219];
our artichoke known in the fifteenth century, i. [220];
origin of the name, ib.,
opinions respecting the country from which it was first brought, i. [221].
Artificial ice, ii. [142];
preserving snow for cooling liquors, known to the ancients, ib.;
ice preserved for the same use, ii. [143];
Nero’s method of cooling water, ib.;
how cooled in Egypt, ii. [144];
water made to freeze in summer, ii. [146];
art of making ice at Calcutta, ib.;
method of cooling water mentioned by Plutarch, ii. [147];
earthen vessels used in Portugal for cooling water, ib.;
use of snow known at the French court under Henry III., ii. [149];
trade carried on with snow and ice in France, ii. [150];
cooling property of saltpetre, when discovered, ii. [151];
drinking-cups of ice used in France, ii. [155];
ice extensively used for œconomical purposes, ii. [158];
machinery employed for cutting it, ii. [159].
Aurum fulminans, i. [509];
of what composed, ib.;
invention of it obscure, ib.;
said to have been discovered by a German monk, i. [510];
Valentin’s receipt for preparing it, ib.;
deprived of its power by means of vinegar, i. [511].
Bankers, the oldest at Rome, ii. [5].
Bellows, wooden, i. [63];
whether first invented by Anacharsis, i. [64];
bellows at the oldest melting-houses driven by men, ib.;
leather and wooden bellows compared, ib.;
description of the latter, i. [65];
advantages of them, i. [66];
invented in Germany, ib.;
the inventor supposed to be Hans Lobsinger, Shellhorn a miller, or a bishop of Bamberg, i. [66], [67];
introduction of them at the mines of the Harz Forest, i. [67].
Bills of exchange, ii. [203];
account of the oldest, ib.;
ordinance issued at Barcelona respecting them, ii. [204].
Black lead, ii. [388];
names by which it is known, ib.;
ancient manuscripts ruled with lead, ii. [389];
plumbago, by whom first mentioned, ii. [390];
black lead pits in Cumberland, ii. [392];
in commerce, called potloth, ii. [393];
first pencils used for drawing, ib.;
black and red chalk, ii. [394].
Bologna stone, ii. [429];
description of, ii. [429–430];
how rendered capable of shining in the dark, ii. [431];
discovery of this, by whom made, ib.;
preparation of the stone concealed by the Italian chemists, ii. [432];
taught by Poterius, a French chemist, ib.;
luminous stone from India mentioned by De Thou, ii. [433];
other kinds of pyrophori, ii. [434].
Book-censors, ii. [512];
reason of their being established, ib.;
books forbidden and burnt before the invention of printing, ii. [513];
books of the Jews and Christians burnt, ii. [514];
works of Arius and Nestorius burnt, ib.;
earliest instance of books published by permission of government, ib.;
mandate respecting book-censors, ii. [516];
bull of Alexander VI. prohibiting books unless previously examined, ii. [517];
book-censors established in France, ib.
Book-keeping, history of, i. [1].
Buckingham, duke of, the first person in England who used six horses to his carriage, i. [76].
Buck-wheat, i. [425];
not known to the ancients, i. [426];
introduced into Europe the beginning of the 16th century, ib.;
said to have been brought from Asia, ib.;
conjectures respecting other names given to it, i. [428];
when cultivated in England, ib.;
account of a new species, ib.;
sows itself in Siberia, i. [429];
difficult to be cultivated, i. [430].
Butter, i. [499];
whether known to the Hebrews, i. [500];
passage in Proverbs respecting it wrongly translated, ib.;
oldest mention of it in Greek writers, ib.;
known to the Scythians, ib.;
used by the Lusitanians instead of oil, ib.;
elephants drank it, ib.;
anecdote related by Plutarch, i. [503];
invention of butter ascribed by Pliny to the Germans, i. [504];
uses to which butter was applied by the ancients, i. [506], [507];
butter of the ancients was fluid, ib.;
scarce in Norway during the ages of paganism, i. [508].
Camp-mills, ii. [55];
invention ascribed to the Germans, ii. [56].
Canary-birds, i. [32];
when known in Europe, ib.;
flew from a ship wrecked on the roast of Italy to Elba, where they multiplied, ib.;
trade with them, i. [33];
Canary seed, where first cultivated, i. [34];
use of, might be extended, i. [35].
Carp, history of, ii. [46];
Cassiodorus the oldest author who uses the term carpa, ii. [51];
origin of the name, ii. [52];
carp supposed to have been first found in the southern parts of Europe, ib.;
known in England, ii. [53].
Catalogues of books, ii. [522];
first printers printed books at their own expense, ib.;
when bookselling became a distinct business, ib.;
catalogues first printed, ii. [523];
account of some of the earliest, ii. [524];
rapid increase of catalogues, ii. [527];
Bohn’s guinea catalogue, ib.
Cauliflower, brought from the Levant to Italy, ii. [345].
Cheese known earlier than butter, i. [502].
Chemical names of metals, ii. [23];
given first to the heavenly bodies, ib.;
nomination of metals after the heathen deities, ii. [24];
astrological nomination known to the Brahmans in India, ii. [26];
origin of the characters by which the planets are expressed, ii. [27];
those by which the metals are signified, ii. [28];
list of metals known at the present day, ii. [31].
Chimneys, i. [295];
no traces of at Herculaneum, i. [296];
principal writers on their antiquity, i. [296], [297];
passages in Greek authors supposed to allude to them, i. [297–299];
in Roman authors, i. [299–301];
houses of the ancients had no chimneys, ib.;
in what manner they warmed their apartments, i. [305];
description of the stoves used in Persia, ib.;
derivation of the word chimney, i. [308];
houses of the ancients kept warm by pipes, i. [309];
Winkelmann’s description of stoves found in a ruined villa, ib.;
no chimneys in the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, i. [312];
oldest account of chimneys in an inscription at Venice, i. [313];
first chimney-sweepers in Germany came from Savoy and Piedmont, i. [314];
chimney-sweeps at Paris Savoyards, ib.
Clocks and watches, history of, i. [340];
clocks known in the eleventh century, i. [346];
first public clock at Padua, i. [351];
when in use among private persons, i. [354];
first mention of watches, ib.;
history of clocks and watches, by Barrington, i. [355];
Queen Mary’s watch, i. [362];
Sir Richard Burton’s, ib.;
letter on the watch said to have belonged to Robert Bruce, i. [364];
Harrison’s invention, i. [368];
Arnold’s chronometer, i. [370].
Coaches, i. [68];
covered carriages at Rome, ib.;
women only rode in carriages at the beginning of the 16th century, i. [70];
use of covered carriages forbidden, ib.;
order of Julius duke of Brunswick, forbidding his vassals to ride in carriages, i. [72];
French monarchs rode on horseback in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, i. [74];
citizens’ wives at Paris forbidden to use carriages, ib.;
Henry IV. had only one coach, i. [75];
whirlicotes, the oldest carriages used by the English ladies, ib.;
coaches first known in England, i. [76];
when introduced into Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Russia, ib.;
origin of the word coach, i. [77];
berline, invention of, i. [78];
first coaches let out for hire at Paris, i. [79];
hackney-coaches first established at London, i. [81];
number of coaches in some of the principal cities of Europe, ib.
Cobalt, i. [478];
is melted with siliceous earth and potashes to a blue glass called smalt, ib.;
ground smalt, or powder-blue, ib.;
cobalt not known to the ancients, ib.;
reason why Lehmann and others think that the ancients used smalt, i. [481];
Gmelin’s experiments on the blue of the ancients, ib.;
origin of the name cobalt, i. [483];
first colour-mills in Germany for grinding smalt, i. [484];
smalt not mentioned in books till a later period, i. [486];
the oldest description found in the works of Biringoccio, ib.
Cock-fighting, ii. [473];
reflections on, ib.;
antiquity of, ib.;
quail-fighting among the Romans, ii. [474];
cock-fights and quail-fights mentioned by Solon, ii. [475];
Romans employed partridges for fighting, ib.;
cock-fighting instituted by Themistocles, ib.;
ascribed to Miltiades, ii. [476];
mentioned by ancient authors, ii. [477–479];
oldest information about cock-fighting in England, ii. [481];
this pastime forbidden, ib.
Cork, i. [318];
properties of, ib.;
account of the cork-tree, i. [319];
known to the Greeks and Romans, ib.;
cork used by the ancient fishermen as floats to their nets, i. [321];
anchor-buoys made of it, ib.;
Romans made soles of it, i. [322];
cork jackets, antiquity of, ib.;
ancient methods of closing up wine-casks and other vessels, i. [323];
cork stoppers, i. [324];
various substitutes for corks, i. [325], [326].
Corn-mills, i. [147];
earliest methods of grinding corn, ib.;
the oldest hand-mills, ib.;
cattle-mills, i. [148];
water-mills, i. [151];
mills constructed at Rome by Belisarius, i. [154];
invention of floating-mills, i. [155];
of wind-mills, i. [158];
difference between German and Dutch wind-mills, i. [160];
bolting-machinery, when invented, i. [161];
bolting-cloth, i. [162];
invention of barley-mills, i. [168];
anecdote of a feudal lord, i. [170].
Cryptography, when invented, i. [106].
Diamond, when first used for writing on glass, ii. [87].
Diving-bell, i. [111];
ancient divers, ib.;
principles explained, i. [113];
earliest use in Europe, ib.;
described by Lord Bacon, i. [115];
cannon fished up by it from the wreck of the Spanish Armada, ib.;
old inventions, i. [117];
Dr. Halley’s diving-bell, i. [118];
Triewald’s improvement, i. [119];
when employed in civil engineering, i. [121];
apparatus for walking at the bottom of the sea, i. [122].
Embroidery, antiquity of, i. [415].
Enamel, i. [132].
Etching on glass discovered by Henry Schwanhard, ii. [88];
process which he employed, ii. [89].
Etruscan vases, colours of, produced by calx of iron, ii. [239].
Exclusive privilege for printing books, ii. [518];
oldest privilege known, granted in 1490, ib.;
account of some granted in different countries, ii. [519], [520];
privileges granted in England, ii. [520];
in Spain, ii. [521].
Falconry, i. [198];
not a modern invention, i. [199];
birds of prey used in India and Thrace, i. [201];
employed also in Italy, ib.;
forbidden to the clergy in the sixth century, i. [203];
ancients bred other rapacious animals besides hawks, ib.;
falconry common in the twelfth century, ib.;
Frederick II. wrote a book upon it, ib.;
ladies formerly fond of falconry, i. [204];
oldest writers on this art, ib.
Fire-engines, ii. [245];
idea borrowed from the common pump, ib.;
sipho mentioned by Pliny, a fire-engine, ii. [246];
fire-engines at Rome, ii. [247];
in the East, engines employed to produce fires, ii. [249];
Greek fire, ib.;
fire-engines introduced into Germany uncertain, ii. [250];
first mentioned in the building accounts of Augsburg, ib.;
fire-engines at Nuremberg, ii. [251];
fire-engines very imperfect in the seventeenth century, ii. [252];
air-chamber, when added, ib.;
improved engines made by Leupold, ii. [253];
Dutch improvements, ii. [255–256];
pipes for conveying water not unknown to the ancients, ii. [256];
fire-engines, when introduced at Constantinople, ii. [257].
Floating of wood, i. [454];
what gave rise to this invention, i. [455];
wood floated by Solomon for the temple at Jerusalem, i. [456];
wood transported on water by the Romans, ib.;
earliest account of floating wood in Germany, i. [458];
in France, i. [459], [460].
Forks, ii. [407];
Greeks and Romans had no name for them, ii. [408];
Romans often used ligulæ instead, ii. [409];
forks not employed by the ancients, ib.;
meat cut by a carver, ii. [410];
forks not in use among the Chinese, ib.;
forks supposed to be found among the ruins of a Roman town, ii. [411];
when first known in Italy, ib.;
forks and spoons still rarities in some parts of Spain, ii. [413];
table knives, when introduced among the Highlanders, ib.;
English, Dutch, and French have adopted the Italian names forca and forchetta, ib.;
German word gabel of great antiquity, ii. [414].
Foundling hospitals, ii. [434];
reflections on child-murder, ib.;
no law against it formerly in Christian states, ii. [436];
children exposed by the ancients, ii. [437];
permitted in Greece but not at Thebes, ii. [438];
when prohibited by the Romans, ii. [439];
humane decrees of Constantine the Great, ii. [440];
public orphan-houses at Athens and Rome, ib.;
foundlings declared to be free by Justinian, ii. [441];
oldest establishments for orphans in Germany, ii. [442];
similar establishments in France, ii. [444], [445];
one of the same kind at Einbeck, ii. [445];
hospital at Nuremberg, ii. [446];
institution for foundlings at Venice, ib.;
foundling hospital in England, ib.;
inefficiency of such institutions, ii. [448].
Fowls said to thrive near smoke, i. [303].
Fur dresses, ii. [296];
raw skins first used for clothing, ii. [297];
fur clothing little used by the Romans, ib.;
introduced by their northern invaders, ii. [301];
seal-skins, ii. [302];
rein-deer skins, used by the ancient Germans, ib.;
furs, considered by the Getæ objects of magnificence, ii. [304];
forbidden by Honorius, ib.;
Gothic breeches adopted by the Romans, ii. [305];
furs employed by the Persians instead of mattresses and bolsters, ii. [308];
origin of the fur trade to the southern parts of Europe, ii. [309];
riches of the northern nations consisted in furs, ii. [310];
skins counted by decuriæ or decher, ii. [311];
skins of the Pontic mouse, ii. [312];
ermine, various names of, ii. [315];
the sable, ib.;
marten, ii. [316];
grauwerk, meaning of, ii. [317];
cats’ and rabbits’ skins, ib.;
beaver skins, ii. [318];
furs, when they began to be dyed, ii. [319];
Charlemagne, anecdote respecting his dress of sheep’s skin, ib.;
fur gloves, ii. [320];
use of furs forbidden, ii. [321], [322];
not used at the court of Byzantium, ii. [322];
fur trade in modern times, ii. [323].
Garden-flowers, history of, i. [512];
modern taste came from Persia and Constantinople, ib.;
tuberose, when first brought to Europe, ib.;
auricula carried to Brussels, i. [513];
ranunculus brought from the Levant, i. [516];
fondness of Mahomet IV. for this flower, ib.;
favourite flowers of the present day, i. [517].
Gilding, ii. [290];
mentioned in the books of the Old Testament, ib.;
art of gold-beating at Rome in the time of Pliny, ii. [291];
process of gold-beating in the twelfth century, ib.;
pellicle first used by the German gold-beaters, ii. [292];
art of gilding facilitated by the invention of oil-painting, ii. [294];
gold-leaf affixed to metals by quicksilver in the time of Pliny, ii. [295];
false gilding, ib.;
gilding leather, ii. [296].
Glass-cutting, ii. [84];
known to the ancients, ib.;
revived by Caspar Lehmann, ii. [85];
figures engraved on glass with a diamond, ii. [86];
etching on glass, ii. [88];
history of sparry fluor, ii. [90];
its property of emitting light discovered, ib.;
ornaments of, made in Derbyshire, ii. [92].
Guns, gun-locks, ii. [533];
first portable fire-arms discharged by a match, ib.;
when flints were used, ii. [534];
pistols, when brought into use, ii. [535];
derivation of the word, ib.;
muskets, whence they received their name, ib.;
gun-lock, when invented, ib.;
how gun-flints are prepared, ii. [538].
Honey used by the ancients for preserving natural curiosities, i. [286].
Hops, ii. [376];
whether known to the ancients, ii. [377];
known in the time of the Carolingian dynasty, ii. [380];
in Egypt bitter things added to beer, ii. [382];
when hops were used in the Netherlands, ib.;
when in England, ii. [384];
sweet gale employed for beer in Sweden, ii. [385];
Chinese hops, how prepared, ii. [387];
cultivation of hops in England, ib.
Horse, burnt as being possessed by the devil, ii. [118].
Horse-shoes, i. [442];
writers on their antiquity, i. [443];
methods employed by the ancients to preserve the feet of cattle, ib.;
mules shod with silver and gold, i. [444];
hoofs of the ancient cavalry soon worn out, i. [446];
ancients unacquainted with horse-shoes such as ours, ib.;
horses not shod in Ethiopia, Japan and Tartary, i. [449];
horse-shoe said to have been found in the grave of Childeric, i. [451];
first mentioned in the ninth century, i. [452];
mentioned by Italian, English and French writers of the same century, i. [453];
shoeing horses, when introduced into England, i. [454].
Hungary water, i. [315];
method of preparing it, ib.;
fabulous origin of the name, ib.;
receipt for making it first mentioned in a small book by John Prevot, i. [316];
copy of the receipt, ib.
Hydrometer, ii. [161];
earliest mention of it occurs in the fifth century, ib.;
description of the hydrometer by Synesius, ii. [163];
Hypatia not the inventress of the hydrometer, ii. [168];
revived in the sixteenth century, ii. [169];
improvements in, ii. [171].
Indigo, ii. [258];
brought first from the East Indies, ib.;
medicinal properties of, ii. [261];
cultivated in Malta in the seventeenth century, ii. [262];
the Indicum nigrum of the ancients was China ink, ii. [264];
authors in which this term occurs, ii. [267];
indigo, as well as Indian ink, procured from India, and named indicum, ii. [270];
indigo mentioned by Arabian physicians, ib.;
indigo substituted in dyeing for woad, ii. [273];
when introduced into Germany, ii. [274];
great importation into Holland, ib.;
American indigo, ib.;
indigo prohibited in Germany, ii. [277];
dyers obliged to take an oath not to use it, ii. [278];
first mention of it in the English laws, ii. [279].
Infirmaries, hospitals, lazarettos, ii. [454];
no hospitals for sick at Rome, ib.;
pilgrimages gave rise to their erection, ii. [456];
brotherhoods established to provide for sick pilgrims, ii. [457];
first hospitals built close to cathedrals, ii. [458];
mad-houses, where first established, ii. [461];
attention paid by the Romans to their invalids, ii. [462];
first establishment for invalids at Constantinople, ii. [465];
Hôtel des Invalides, at Paris, ib.;
regular surgeons, when appointed to armies, ii. [468–471];
establishment of field hospitals in Germany, ii. [471].
Ink, sympathetic, history of, i. [106].
Ink, in what manner it acquires a superior quality, ii. [266].
Insurance, i. [234];
not known to the Romans, ib.;
Puffendorf and others endeavour to prove the contrary, ib.;
does not occur in the Hanseatic maritime laws, ib.;
policies drawn up in 1523, still used in Leghorn, i. [237];
insurance-laws of the 16th and 17th centuries, i. [238];
invention of insurance against fire, i. [240];
insurance companies in England, i. [242–244].
Jackets, cork, of the ancients, i. [322].
Jugglers, ii. [115];
who comprehended under that title, ib.;
observations on their employment, ii. [115–119];
breathing out flames very ancient, ii. [119];
how performed, ib.;
deceptions with naphtha, ii. [120];
feats of Richardson with burning coals and melted lead, ii. [121];
feat with melted copper, ii. [122];
ancient Hirpi could walk through burning coals, ii. [123];
ordeal, a juggling trick of the priests, ib.;
secret of it disclosed, ii. [124];
exhibition with balls and cups mentioned by the ancients, ib.;
Von Eckeberg suffered large stones to be broken on his breast, ii. [126];
ancient rope-dancers, ib.;
feats of horsemanship came from the East, ii. [128];
performers at the Byzantine court, ib.;
Romans taught elephants to walk on a rope, ii. [129];
Sybarites taught horses to dance, ii. [130];
Wildman’s exhibition with bees, ib.;
puppets, ii. [132];
antiquity of automata, ii. [133];
tripods of Vulcan, ii. [134];
moving statues of Dædalus, ib.;
pigeon of Archytas, ii. [135];
wooden eagle and iron fly of Regiomontanus, ib.;
automata of Vaucanson and Du Moulin, ii. [136], [137];
of De Gennes, ii. [137];
speaking machines, ii. [138–141];
Chinese shadows, ii. [141].
Kermes and cochineal, i. [385];
belong to the same genus, i. [386];
three kinds described, ib.;
places where the ancients collected them, i. [387];
still found in the Levant, i. [388];
French and Spanish kermes, ib.;
name given to them in the middle ages, i. [390];
how preserved at those periods, ib.;
when this dye was known in Germany, i. [391];
origin of the name kermes, i. [392];
discovery of American cochineal, i. [396];
disputes whether cochineal was insects or berries, i. [398];
real cochineal brought to St. Domingo, i. [399];
kermes early employed in the East to dye red, ib.;
derivation of the word scarlet, i. [400];
Drebbel discovered that a solution of tin produced with cochineal a beautiful scarlet colour, i. [402];
Gobelin improved the art of dyeing scarlet in France, i. [403];
first dye-house for scarlet in England established by a Fleming, ib.;
three kinds of cochineal in the English market, i. [404].
Kitchen vegetables, ii. [336];
bulbous roots, favourite dishes among the ancients, ii. [338];
some vegetables, formerly cultivated, now little esteemed, ib.;
borage not known to the ancients, ii. [339];
spinage, no traces of in the works of the ancients, ii. [340];
its native country unknown, ib.;
broccoli, known to the ancients, ii. [342];
species of the cabbage according to Linnæan system, ii. [343–348];
whether the Greeks and Romans were acquainted with our carrots, ii. [349–351];
shallots brought from Ascalon in Palestine, ii. [353];
our shallots obtained only by the bulbs, ib.;
potatoes, when introduced into Europe, ii. [354].
Kircher, whether the inventor of the speaking-trumpet, i. [97];
read the litany through one to a congregation from two to five Italian miles off, i. [99].
Knitting, stocking-loom, ii. [355];
fishing and hunting-nets mentioned in the Scriptures, ii. [357];
nets, in modern times found among very rude nations, ii. [358];
mantles of the clergy in the middle ages covered with silk nets, ii. [359];
stocking-knitting, when invented, ii. [360];
when known in England, ii. [361];
breeches and hose, when worn in Scotland, ii. [362];
stockings of cloth, in the time of Queen Mary, ii. [364];
knitting, when common throughout England, ii. [365];
art of knitting stockings in Germany, ib.;
terms which relate to knitting older than the art itself, ii. [366];
wire-screens of curious workmanship, ii. [367];
stocking-loom, invention of, ii. [368–373];
stocking-looms at Venice, ii. [373];
invention claimed by the French, ib.;
brought to Germany, ii. [375];
present state of the hosiery manufacture, ib.
Lace, i. [463];
method of making it, ib.;
not known to the ancients, i. [464];
lace among old church furniture, i. [465];
establishment of the lace manufacture in France, ib.;
lace a German invention, ib.;
application of machinery to the manufacture of lace, i. [466].
Lapidary’s wheel known to the ancients, ii. [84].
Lead, sugar of, when invented, i. [250];
whether used for secret poison, i. [60].
Leaf-skeletons, ii. [195];
first made by Severin, ii. [197];
also by Gabriel Clauder, ib.;
insects employed for this purpose by Ruysch, ii. [198];
leaf-skeletons by Seligmann, ii. [200];
art of raising trees from leaves, ii. [201].
Lending-houses, history of, ii. [1];
ancient princes lent money to the poor without interest, ii. [2];
their example followed in modern Italy, ii. [3];
Tabernæ argentariæ of the Romans different from lending-houses, ii. [5];
public loans in the fourteenth century, ib.;
lending-houses opposed by the Dominicans, ii. [7];
Tomitano preached in favour of them, ii. [9];
established in different parts of Italy, ii. [10–12];
dispute respecting their legality, ii. [12];
confirmed at the council of the Lateran, ii. [13];
Banco de’ poveri at Naples, ib.;
origin of the name Mons pietatis, ii. [15];
account of the oldest public loans, ii. [16];
first lending-house in Germany, ii. [17];
Lombards in the Netherlands, ii. [18];
Mont de piété at Paris, ii. [20];
account of pawnbroking in England, ii. [21].
Lighting of streets, ii. [172];
Rome not lighted, ib.;
contrary opinion of Meursius, ib.;
streets of Antioch lighted, ii. [173];
Cæsarea not lighted, ib.;
antiquity of illuminations, ii. [174];
Paris lighted, ii. [175];
reverberating lamps invented, ii. [177];
first account of lighting London, ii. [178];
Amsterdam, the Hague, and Copenhagen, ii. [180];
streets of Rome have no lights but those before the images of saints, ib.;
lighting at Philadelphia, Hamburg, Berlin, ii. [181];
at Vienna and other cities, ii. [181], [182];
introduction of gas, ii. [182–185].
Lottery, ii. [414];
two kinds in Europe, ib.;
Congiaria of the Romans resembled our lotteries, ib.;
shopkeepers in the middle ages sold wares in the manner of a lottery, ii. [416];
established at Florence, ii. [417];
brought from Italy to France, ii. [418];
lottery for giving portions to young women, ii. [419];
others for similar purposes, ib.;
lotteries, properly so called, when established, ii. [420];
lottery proposed by Tonti, ib.;
French lotteries, ii. [421];
origin of the name, ii. [422];
first in England, ii. [423];
at Amsterdam, ii. [425];
in Germany, ib.;
Genoese lottery, ii. [426];
Art-Unions, the only lottery existing in England, ii. [428].
Machine for noting down music, i. [12];
one invented in Germany by Unger, ib.;
another, constructed by Hohlfeld, ib.;
Dr. Burney ascribes this invention to the English, i. [13].
Madder, ii. [108];
known to the ancients, ii. [110];
in the middle ages, ii. [111];
its property of colouring the bones, ib.;
cultivation of, ii. [113], [114].
Mad-houses, where first established, ii. [461].
Magnetic cures, i. [43];
external use of the magnet in curing the tooth-ache, known in the 6th century, i. [44];
mentioned by writers in the 15th and 16th centuries, ib.;
effect of on the bodies of animals, ib.;
properties of, i. [45].
Maize brought from America, i. [497].
Manganese, ii. [235];
employed in glass-making, ib.;
frees glass from dirt, ii. [236];
use of it retained, ii. [239];
brought from Piedmont and Perigord, in France, ii. [240].
Mantles of the knights bordered with furs, ii. [319].
Mantles of the clergy covered with silk nets, ii. [359].
Manuscripts, ancient, ruled with lead, ii. [389].
Mills, history of, i. [147];
East Indian oil-mills, i. [148];
philosophical mill, by whom invented, i. [150];
water-mills, when invented, i. [151];
floating mills, i. [155];
wind-mills, i. [158].
Mirrors, ii. [56];
the oldest of metal, ii. [57];
known in the time of Moses, ib.;
ancient mirrors of silver, ib.;
of copper, brass, and gold, ii. [62];
how cleaned, ii. [63];
chemical examination of the metal, ib.;
mirrors made of stones, ii. [65];
mirrors of the native Americans, ii. [68];
mirrors of glass made at Sidon, ii. [69];
mirrors in the twelfth century, ii. [75];
first certain mention in the thirteenth century, ii. [76];
manner in which the oldest were made, ib.;
process for silvering them described, ii. [79];
Venetian mirrors esteemed till the seventeenth century, ib.;
establishment of glass-houses in France, ib.;
invention of casting glass plates for mirrors, ii. [80];
advantage and disadvantage of this, ii. [81];
abandoned for the old method of blowing, ii. [82];
ingenious process for silvering glass, ii. [83].
Mosaic work, i. [130].
Natural curiosities, collections of, i. [282];
deposited by the ancients in their temples, i. [283];
an account of different articles of this kind, and where kept, i. [283–284];
collection formed by Augustus, i. [285];
natural bodies preserved in ancient times by means of salt, ib.;
dead bodies among the Scythians, Assyrians and Persians covered with wax, i. [287];
fish and apples transported in wax, i. [288];
origin of wrapping up dead bodies in wax cloth, ib.;
books found in the grave of Numa, how preserved, i. [289];
where collections were first formed by private persons, i. [290];
first private collections in the 16th century, ib.;
oldest catalogues of such collections, i. [291];
collections in England, i. [293].
Night-watch, ii. [185];
among the ancients, ib.;
when calling the hours began to be practised, ii. [186];
rich people kept servants to announce certain periods of the day, ib.;
methods of watching in time of war, ii. [187];
ancient watchmen carried bells, ii. [188];
night-watching established early at Paris, ib.;
at Berlin, ii. [189];
in Germany, ii. [190];
watchmen stationed on steeples and towers, ib.;
watchmen posted on towers among the Chinese, ii. [192];
watchmen in times of feudal alarm, ii. [193];
modern system of, ii. [194].
Ordeal, account of, ii. [123].
Odometer, i. [5];
supposed to be mentioned by Capitolinus, ib.;
figure of one on the ducal palace of Urbino erected in 1482, ib.;
one made by Paul Pfinzing, ib.;
odometer with which Augustus elector of Saxony measured his territories, i. [7];
odometers of Rodolphus II., ib.;
Butterfield’s odometer, ib.;
Meynier’s, i. [8];
Hohlfeld’s, ib.;
Payne’s, i. [11].
Orphan-houses, ii. [449];
first formed by Trajan, ib.;
inspector of orphans, an office at the court of Byzantium, ii. [454].
Painters, ancient, often poor slaves, ii. [261].
Paper-hangings, i. [379];
velvet paper, how prepared, i. [380];
invented by Jerome Lanyer, ib.;
called at first Londrindiana, i. [381];
Audran, his invention, i. [382];
art of imprinting gold and silver figures on paper invented by Eccard, ib.;
oldest account of such hangings in Germany, ib.;
new improvement in, i. [383];
metallic dust invented at Nuremberg, ib.;
silver-coloured glimmer, i. [384].
Paving of streets, i. [269];
first by the Carthaginians, i. [270];
Thebes paved, ib.;
whether Jerusalem was paved not known, ib.;
when Rome began to be paved uncertain, i. [271];
information by Livy, ib.;
pavement of Herculaneum and Pompeii, i. [272];
Cordova paved in the ninth century, ib.;
Paris not paved in the twelfth century, ib.;
cause of its being paved, ib.;
London not paved in the eleventh century, i. [273];
Smithfield-market, when paved, i. [274];
German cities, when paved, ib.;
citizens of Paris obliged in 1285 to repair and clean the streets, i. [275];
reason why no swine were suffered about the streets, i. [276];
privies erected in France by an order from government, i. [278];
earlier in Germany than Paris, i. [279];
wooden pavement, i. [281].
Pearls, artificial, i. [258];
art of forcing shell-fish to produce, known to the ancients, i. [260];
how the Chinese cause mussels to produce pearls, ib.;
invention of Linnæus for the same purpose, i. [261];
how pearl-fishers know shells which contain pearls, i. [263];
different kinds of artificial pearls, i. [264];
invention of Jaquin for preparing them, i. [265].
Pilgrimages, the cause of hospitals, ii. [456].
Plague, origin of, i. [374].
Poison, secret, i. [47];
mentioned by Plutarch and Quintilian, i. [48];
dreadful poison of the Indians, ib.;
secret poison known to Theophrastus, i. [49];
invention of it falsely ascribed to Thrasyas, ib.;
when known at Rome, ib.;
employed by Sejanus and Agrippina, ib.;
secret poison, supposed to have been given to Regulus, ib.;
ancients unacquainted with mineral poisons, i. [51];
Toffania invented a kind of secret poison, i. [51], [52];
detected and strangled, i. [53];
Marchioness de Brinvillier’s poisonings, i. [55];
seized and beheaded, i. [56];
chambre de poison established at Paris, i. [57];
Count Corfitz de Ulfeld intended to poison the king of Denmark, ib.;
Charles XI., king of Sweden, poisoned, ib.;
ingredients of, i. [60], [61];
antidote, i. [61];
powst, a kind of secret poison used in the East Indies, i. [63].
Prince Rupert’s drops, ii. [241];
not known till the seventeenth century, ii. [242];
first experiments with, ib.;
brought to England by prince Rupert, ii. [244].
Pumps, by whom invented, ii. [245].
Quarantine, i. [373];
origin of, obscure, ib.;
said to have been established by the Venetians, ib.;
account by Le Bret, i. [376];
institution of the council of health, i. [377];
when letters of health were first written, ib.
Quicksilver used for purifying gold ore, i. [14];
how recovered afterwards, i. [15].
Quills for writing, antiquity of, i. [405];
scarcity of, i. [413].
Ribbon-loom, ii. [527];
construction of it, ib.;
attempts made to suppress it, ii. [528];
such looms invented by the Swiss, ib.;
loom seen by Anthony Moller at Dantzic, ib.;
inventor of it put to death, ii. [529];
weaving machine mentioned by Boxhorn, ib.;
ribbon-looms prohibited in Holland, ii. [530];
prohibited also in the Spanish Netherlands and at Cologne, ib.;
prohibited by imperial authority, ii. [531];
loom burnt publicly at Hamburg, ib.;
prohibition of this kind annulled in Germany, ib.
Rubies, artificial, how to make, i. [125].
Saddles, i. [431];
coverings, when introduced, ib.;
order of Theodosius a proof of their antiquity, i. [433];
prohibition of Leo I. that no one should ornament them with precious stones, i. [434];
conjecture that they were invented by the Salii, ib.;
invented by the Persians, i. [435].
Saffron, i. [175];
medicinal use of, i. [176];
employed by the Romans for perfuming apartments, ib.;
scented salves made with it, ib.;
used by the ancients for seasoning dishes, ib.;
introduced into Spain by the Arabs, i. [178];
by whom brought to France, i. [179];
introduced into England in the reign of Edward III., ib.;
when cultivated in Austria, ib.;
an important article in husbandry in the fifteenth century, ib.;
adulteration of it, i. [180].
Sal-ammoniac, ii. [396];
whether known to the ancients, ii. [397];
first traces in the works of the Arabians, ii. [402];
recipe for its preparation, ii. [404];
invention of aqua regia, ii. [405];
obtained from Egypt, ib.;
brought also from the East Indies, ii. [406];
first works for making it in Europe, ib.
Saltpetre, gunpowder, aquafortis, ii. [482];
saltpetre, properties of, ii. [483];
native saltpetre, where found, ii. [484];
name nitrum, of great antiquity, ii. [487];
difference between mineral alkalies, when defined, ii. [489];
nitrum of the ancients an impure alkali, but not saltpetre, ii. [491];
was a real lixivious salt, ii. [492];
red nitrum, ii. [502];
saltpetre, when first mentioned, ii. [503];
gunpowder invented in India, ii. [505];
used by Indians and Arabians before Europeans, ii. [506];
first account of aquafortis, ib.;
said to have been employed at Venice for separating the noble metals, ii. [508];
saltpetre regale, ii. [509];
when abolished, ii. [511].
Saw-mills, i. [222];
ancient method of making boards, ib.;
our saw not known to the Americans, ib.;
by whom invented, i. [223];
bone of the saw-fish used by the old inhabitants of Madeira, i. [224];
ancient saws, i. [224], [225];
invention of saw-mills, i. [225];
the first saw-mills in Norway, i. [228];
first saw-mill in Holland, ib.;
the first in England erected by a Dutchman, i. [229];
saw-mill at Limehouse destroyed by the mob, ib.;
saw-mill at Leith in Scotland, i. [230].
Sealing-wax, i. [137];
substances used by the ancients, ib.;
wax employed in the earliest ages, i. [140];
red, green, and black sealing-wax, ib.;
impressions made on paste, i. [141];
how public acts have been forged, i. [143];
East Indian and Turkish sealing-wax, ib.;
oldest known seal on a letter written from London, i. [144];
oldest printed receipt for making sealing-wax, i. [145];
Spanish wax, i. [146];
antiquity of wafers, ib.
Ships at first were a kind of rafts, i. [455].
Sowing-machines, ii. [230];
Locatelli considered as the inventor, ii. [231];
his machine described by Evelyn, ii. [232];
honour of this invention disputed by the Italians, ii. [233].
Snow, used by the ancients for cooling liquors, ii. [142].
Soap, ii. [92];
invented by the Gauls, ib.;
used at Rome as a pomade, ii. [93];
Germans dyed their hair with it, ib.;
oldest method of washing, ii. [95];
alkaline water in Armenia, ib.;
urine employed for washing, ii. [97];
tax upon it, ii. [98];
saponaceous plants, ii. [98–102];
bran, ii. [102];
fullers-earth, ib.;
manufactory in England, ii. [107], [108].
Spangles, how made, and when invented, i. [423].
Speaking-trumpet, i. [93];
speaking-trumpet of Alexander the Great, i. [94];
ear-trumpet older than the speaking-trumpet, i. [96];
invention of the latter disputed by Sir S. Morland and Kircher, ib.;
ear of Dionysius described, i. [97];
Kircher constructed an ear-trumpet in the Jesuits’ College at Rome, i. [99].
Stamped paper, i. [230];
whether introduced by Justinian, ib.;
Romans marked their runaway slaves, i. [231];
stamped paper invented in Holland, i. [233];
introduced into Saxony, ib.;
used in Denmark and other countries, ib.
Stamping works, ii. [333];
ancients acquainted with the art of stamping ores, ib.;
remains of mills used for that purpose, ib.;
modern stamping-mills, ii. [334];
invention of, ib.;
process of sifting and wet stamping, ii. [335];
wet stamping said to have been invented in 1505, ii. [336].
Steel, ii. [324];
its properties, ib.;
invention very old, ii. [325];
two methods of making, ii. [327];
art of hardening it, ii. [328];
supposed hardening water, ii. [329];
invention of converting bar-iron into steel, ii. [330];
three kinds of steel now principally manufactured, ii. [333].
Stirrups, i. [435];
no traces of any such invention in ancient works, i. [436];
no term for them in Greek or Latin, i. [437];
warriors had a projection on their spears for resting the foot, while getting on horseback, i. [439];
first certain account of stirrups, i. [440];
Isidore in the seventh century speaks of them, i. [441];
appear in a piece of tapestry of the 11th century, i. [442];
pride of the clergy in causing kings to hold their stirrups, ib.
Surgeons, in the time of the Trojan war, unknown, [491].
Telescope, invention of it made metal mirrors necessary, ii. [60].
Tin, ii. [206];
employed in the time of Homer and Moses, ib.;
oldest mention in the Scriptures, ii. [207];
stannum of the ancients not our tin, ii. [209];
as an article of commerce, ii. [212];
tin of the ancients mixed with lead, ii. [220];
names of such mixtures, ib.;
tinning seldom employed by the Romans, ii. [221];
according to Pliny, invented by the Gauls, ii. [222];
ancient vessels of cast tin dug up in England, ii. [223];
tin, where procured by the ancients, ii. [223], [224];
tin mines in Germany, ii. [226];
invention of tinning plate iron, ii. [227];
East Indian tin, ii. [228];
produce of the Cornish mines, ii. [229].
Tourmaline, i. [86];
supposed to be the lyncurium of the ancients, ib.;
probably belongs to the carbuncles, i. [88];
tourmaline brought from Ceylon about the end of the last century, i. [89];
first described in Germany, ib.;
its electrical properties first known to Linnæus, i. [92];
investigated by Æpinus, ib.;
Huygens’ discovery, ib.
Trees, how raised from leaves, ii. [200].
Tulips, i. [22];
came from Turkey, ib.;
effects produced by cultivation, ib.;
how called by the Turks, i. [23];
first described by Gesner, i. [24];
origin of the name, ib.;
first introduced into England, ib.;
tulipomania, i. [25];
the tulip-trade and stock-jobbing compared, i. [29];
lesser tulipomania, i. [30];
anecdotes, ib.
Turf, i. [205];
use of, discovered by the earth catching fire, ib.;
known to the Chauci, i. [206];
whether known to the Dutch in the thirteenth century, ib.;
invention ascribed to Erasmus, i. [207];
Williams’ patent, i. [211].
Turkeys, i. [487];
not known in Europe before the discovery of America, i. [490];
first mentioned by Oviedo, ib.;
called by Lopez de Gomara galloparones, i. [491];
still found wild in America, ib.;
earliest account of Turkeys in Italy, i. [492];
in England, i. [493];
in France, ib.;
in Germany, &c., i. [495];
in Asia and Africa, i. [496].
Ultramarine, i. [467];
how prepared from lapis lazuli, ib.;
price of ultramarine, i. [469];
origin of the name, i. [473];
oldest mention of, ib.;
preparation of it found out in England, i. [476];
artificial method of making, i. [477].
Vanes, weathercocks, ii. [281];
the oldest nations distinguished the four principal winds only, ib.;
Æolus first made navigators acquainted with the winds, ii. [282];
names given by Charles the Great, ib.;
means for indicating the winds invented early, ii. [283];
Varro’s apparatus, ii. [285];
similar apparatus at Constantinople, ib.;
when constructed, ii. [286];
wind-indicator at Emessa, ii. [287];
weathercocks in the ninth century, ib.;
in France, in the twelfth century, none but noblemen allowed to have vanes on their houses, ii. [288];
flags or vanes on ships, ib.;
Norman fleet had vanes at the tops of the masts, ii. [289];
anemoscopes and anemometers described, ib.
Verdigris, method of making, i. [171];
used in early periods for plasters, i. [172];
made formerly in Cyprus and Rhodes, i. [174];
why called Spanish green, ib.
Vitriol, white, when first known, ii. [38].
Water-clocks, i. [82];
invention ascribed to Ctesibius of Alexandria, i. [83];
Clepsydræ, when introduced at Rome, ib.;
modern water-clock described, ib.;
by whom invented, i. [84];
latest improvements, i. [85].
Wheat, attempts to plant it in the time of Sir F. Bacon, ii. [234].
Windows in Russia, how cleaned when frozen, ii. [154].
Wire-drawing, i. [414];
earliest use of gold threads for dresses, ib.;
cloth of Attalus embroidered with the needle, i. [415];
wire-drawing not known in Italy in the time of Charlemagne, i. [416];
brought to great perfection at Nuremberg, i. [420];
art of wire-making, when known in England, i. [422];
in France, ib.;
filigrane work, antiquity of, i. [423].
Writing-pens, i. [405];
instruments used by the ancients, ib.;
still in Persia for writing, i. [406];
use of quills said to be as old as the 5th century, i. [409];
oldest certain account of them, ib.;
mentioned by Alcuin, i. [410];
used in the 9th, 11th and 12th centuries, ib.;
substitution of steel pens, i. [413].
Zinc, ii. [32];
unknown to the ancients, ib.;
furnace-calamine, ii. [34];
use of in making brass, known to Albertus Magnus, ii. [36];
first brought in use at the furnaces of Rammelsberg, ii. [37];
the name zinc occurs first in Paracelsus, ii. [40];
procured from calamine, ii. [42];
imported from the East Indies, ii. [43];
origin of its different names, ii. [44];
zinc works in England, ii. [45].

Printed by Richard and John E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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