A very high temperature, as we have shown, kills the germs of disease in wine and beer. Extreme cold has the effect of indefinitely suspending the action of the ferment. A moderate temperature seems most favourable to the action of the organisms which work the wondrous changes in the wort. In England beer is usually fermented at a temperature of between 60° and 70° Fahr., and the process only lasts a day or two. In Germany the general practice is to ferment at about 40°, a temperature maintained by means of vessels containing ice, which are thrown into the fermenting tuns. This lower temperature checks the action of the ferment and the process lasts for fifteen or even twenty days.
The only other point to be noticed here in connection with fermentation is the peculiar fact discovered by Pasteur, that the organisms causing the ferment can live without air. When the wort is in the fermenting tun, the sides of the tun, together with the heavy carbonic acid gas hanging over the surface of the wort, exclude all air from the organisms, which can only obtain a small amount of oxygen from the liquid. There is, in fact, life without air. Pasteur made some interesting experiments which showed that there was a great difference in the action of the organisms according as they were placed in deep vats, cut off from the air by the carbonic acid gas, or in flat-bottomed {444} wooden troughs with sides a few inches high. In this latter situation the life of the ferment seemed enhanced, but the amount of sugar decomposed by the organisms was proportionately different from that decomposed in the vats. In the vats one ounce of ferment decomposed from seventy to a hundred and fifty ounces of sugar, while in the troughs the same quantity of ferment decomposed only five or six ounces of sugar. The experiment showed that the more the yeast was exposed to the air, the less was its power as a ferment, and that there is a remarkable relation between fermentation and life without air.
Dumas once said to Pasteur before the Academy of Sciences: “You have discovered a third kingdom—the kingdom to which those organisms belong which, with all the prerogatives of animal life, do not require air for their existence, and which find the heat that is necessary for them in the chemical decompositions which they set up around them.”
INDEX.
- A.
- Adulteration of Beer . . . [423]–4
- Ale Drinkers, Great . . . [421]
- Ale, English, on the Continent . . . [414]
- Ale-bench, The . . . [190]
- Ale-berry, or Ale-brue . . . [383]
- Ale-bush, The . . . [216]
- Ale-conners . . . [106], [109]
- Ale-draper . . . [190]
- Ale-founder . . . [107]
- Ale-gafol . . . [35]
- Ale-garland, The . . . [216]
- Ale-house Lattices . . . [188]
- Ale-house Poetry . . . [226]
- Ale-houses in Mediæval Times . . . [187]
- Ale-houses in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . . . [188], [191]
- Ale-houses, Suppression of . . . [110]
- Ale-pole, The . . . [216]
- Ale-sellers in fourteenth century, Tricks by . . . [39]
- Ale-stake . . . [108], [215], [219]
- Ale-taster . . . [109]
- Ale-wives . . . [104], [124]–6, [128]–9, [134], [192], [215], [314]
- Ale-wife’s Supplication . . . [129]
- Ale-yard, The . . . [401]
- Alice Everade, a Brewster . . . [104]
- All is ours and our Husbands . . . [112]
- Allsopp and Sons, Messrs. . . . [336]
- Ancient Britons, Use of Beer by the . . . [1], [28]
- Angel at Islington, The . . . [198]
- Answer of Ale to the Challenge of Sack . . . [8]
- Apricot Ale . . . [386]
- Arboga, Beer of . . . [181]
- Armenia, Xenophon’s account of Beer in 401 B.C. . . . [27]
- Arraigning and Indicting of Sir John Barleycorn, Knight . . . [20]
- Assize of Ale . . . [99], [102]–3, [129]
- Atkinson, Richard, Advice to Lord Dacre . . . [8]
- B.
- Bacchanalian Joys Defeated . . . [192]
- “Baiersk öl” . . . [180]
- Ballad on Ale, Gay’s . . . [438]
- Banbury Ale . . . [171]
- Baptism in Ale . . . [38], [401]
- Barclay, Perkins & Co. . . . [341], [368]
- Barrel of Humming Ale, The . . . [12]
- Barnstable Ale . . . [172]
- Bass, Ratcliffe and Gretton, Messrs. . . . [343]
- Bavarian Beer . . . [180]
- Bede-ales . . . [99]
- Beer, an American Poem . . . [13]
- Beer Brewers, The . . . [143], [147]
- Beer Powders . . . [176]
- Beer Street, Hogarth’s . . . [16]
- Beer, the Temperance Drink . . . [16], [18]
- Bees, Beer used in taking Swarms of . . . [403]
- Ben Jonson . . . [205]
- Beowulf, Mention of Ale in . . . [33]
- Bid-ales . . . [272]
- Birthday Ode, A, by Peter Pindar . . . [357]
- Bitter Beer, ancient cure for Leprosy among the Jews . . . [26]
- Black Boy Inn, Chelmsford, The . . . [220]
- Black Jacks . . . [396]
- Blackberry Ale . . . [386]
- Blind Pinneaux . . . [385]
- Boar’s Head in Eastcheap, The . . . [203]
- Boorde, Andrew, on Ale and Beer . . . [6]
- Boozer . . . [26]
- Borage . . . [390]
- Boswell, Anecdote of . . . [292]
- Bottled Beer, Origin of, etc. . . . [178]
- Bragget: Bragawd . . . [171], [378]
- Brasenose College Poems, and Ale . . . [7], [165], [389]
- Breakfast, Ale at . . . [274], [275]
- Brewer’s Coachman, The . . . [148]
- Brewers’ Company, Historical Notes on the, etc. . . . [134], [137], [143], [147]
- Brewers of old London, The . . . [123], [146]
- Brewers’ Plea; or, a Vindication of Strong Beer (1647) . . . [116]
- Brewhouse (German) of the sixteenth century . . . [131]
- Brewhouse in sixteenth century, Contents of . . . [56]
- Brewing at the present day . . . [331]
- Brewing in a Teapot . . . [2], [339]
- Brewing Trade in 1297, Legislation concerning the . . . [134]
- Brewing Trade, Regulations for, in the fifteenth century . . . [104]
- Brewsters . . . [100]
- Bride-Ales . . . [269], [272]
- Brown Betty . . . [389]
- βρυτον, “Britain” derived from . . . [31]
- Bryng us in Good Ale . . . [230]
- Burton Ales . . . [160]
- Burton Ale; a Song . . . [161]
- Burton-on-Trent, Historical Account of, etc. . . . [335]
- Butler’s Ale, Dr. . . . [413]
- Buttered Beere . . . [385], [413]
- Buxton, Jedediah, a Great Beer Drinker . . . [293]
- C.
- Cakes and Ale . . . [43], [239]
- Cambridge Ale at Stourbridge Fair . . . [105]
- Castle Coombe, Ancient Regulations concerning Brewing at . . . [107]
- Caton, Cornelius, of the White Lion, Richmond . . . [194]
- Cereris Vinum . . . [28]
- Cerevisia . . . [28]
- Charity, Ale Distributed in . . . [184], [278]
- Chaucer’s Reference to Ale . . . [40]
- Chavelier de Malte, The . . . [149]
- Chester Ale . . . [162]
- China Ale . . . [386]
- Christian Ale . . . [271]
- Christmas Carol, An Ancient . . . [263]
- Christmas Customs . . . [239], [264]
- Christopher North’s Brewhouse . . . [61]
- Church Ales . . . [239], [266]–70
- Churches, Ale Sold in . . . [272]
- Clamber-clown . . . [385]
- Clerk Ales . . . [270]
- Cobbett on Homebrew, in 1821, . . . [46]
- Cock Ale . . . [385]
- Cock Tavern, The . . . [209]
- Cœlia . . . [28]
- Coggie o’ Yill, a Song . . . [329]
- Cold Tankard . . . [390]
- Collistrigium . . . [101]
- Complete Angler, The, Sold under the King’s Head Tavern . . . [205]
- Consumption cured by Ale . . . [414]
- Cookery, Beer used in . . . [403]
- Cooperage, sixteenth century, A . . . [334]
- Cooper, Origin of the Drink . . . [375]
- Coopers, Brewers forbidden to act as . . . [113]
- Coopers of Old London . . . [139]
- Copus-Cup . . . [391]
- Cornhill, The Taverns of . . . [203]
- Cost of Brewing in the sixteenth century . . . [57]
- Cotswold Games, The . . . [247]
- Country Sports and Pastimes, Herrick upon . . . [233]
- Cowslip Ale . . . [386]
- Crown and Anchor, Strand, The . . . [211]
- Cucking Stool, A Punishment for Ale-wives . . . [102]
- Cuckoo Ales . . . [272]
- Curmi . . . [28]
- Cwrw . . . [28]
- D.
- Darby Ale . . . [162]
- Dawson, John, Butler of Christchurch, Oxford . . . [167]
- Derivations of “Ale” and “Beer” . . . [32]
- Devil Inn, Fleet Street, The . . . [208]
- Dietetic uses of Ale . . . [273]
- Dinton Hermit, The . . . [277]
- Distinctions between Ale and Beer . . . [6], [32], [152]
- Dogsnose . . . [388]
- “Doll thi, doll, doll this Ale, dole” . . . [404]
- Domestic uses of Ale . . . [403]
- Donaldson’s Beer-cup . . . [391]
- Dorchester Ales . . . [172]
- Dover’s Games . . . [247]
- Drinke and Welcome . . . [4], [41], [147], [153], [158], [161], [188], [414]
- Drinking Customs . . . [279], [280], [290], [383]
- Drinking Vessels . . . [393]
- Drink-Lean . . . [247]
- Drunkenness in Olden Times . . . [108], [114], [116], [282], [292]
- E.
- Early Closing, temp. Edward I. . . . [109]
- Edinburgh Ales . . . [169]
- Egg-Ale . . . [387]
- Egg-hot . . . [388]
- Egypt, Ancient use of Beer in . . . [25]
- Egypt, Suppression of Beer Shops in . . . [1], [25]
- Elderberry Beer . . . [386]
- English Ale, famous among foreigners in fourteenth century . . . [37]
- Epitaphs on Ale-drinkers, Brewers, and Innkeepers . . . [150], [164], [196], [208]
- Eucharist, use of Ale in the Administration of the . . . [402]
- Everlasting Club, The . . . [214]
- Export of Ale in Ancient Times . . . [113]
- Extraordinary Tithes . . . [91]
- F.
- Falcon Inn, Chester, The . . . [197]
- Falcon Tavern, Bankside, The . . . [205]
- Farmer’s Delight in the Merry Harvest, The . . . [253]
- Farmer’s Return, Hogarth’s . . . [45]
- Fever Cases cured by Ale . . . [415]
- Fire, Ale used to Extinguish . . . [407]
- Fish, Ale used as Food for . . . [402]
- Fishing Lines, Ale used to Stain . . . [402]
- Flip . . . [388], [389]
- Foot Ales . . . [273]
- Fowls, Beer as a Drink for . . . [403]
- Foxcomb . . . [385]
- Francis Francis on Bitter Beer . . . [5]
- Freemason’s Cup . . . [391]
- Frozen Ale . . . [169]
- Furry Day at Helston, The . . . [244]
- G.
- Gentleman’s Cellar of the twelfth century . . . [52]
- George Inn, Salisbury, The . . . [196]
- German Beer . . . [178], [180]
- Geste of Kyng Horn, Extract from . . . [32]
- Gin Lane, Hogarth’s . . . [17]
- Give Ales . . . [272]
- Glutton-Masses . . . [286]
- Good Ale for my Money, a Ballad . . . [317]
- Grace-cup, The . . . [384]
- Grains . . . [145], [403]
- Grand Concern of England, etc., The (1673) . . . [118]
- Greyheards, Anecdote of the . . . [398]
- Grout Ale . . . [164]
- Guild Feasts . . . [271]
- Guinness, Messrs . . . [348]
- Gustator Cervisiæ . . . [107]
- H.
- Hacket, Marian, Ale-wife . . . [128]
- Hal-an-low, The; a Song . . . [244]
- Halders, Dame, of Norwich, Ale-wife, Anecdote of . . . [192]
- Hanaps . . . [395]
- Harrison on Homebrew and Malting in 1587, [54]
- Harvest Home Customs and Songs . . . [256]–9
- Harwood, Ralph, supposed Inventor of Porter . . . [366]
- Haymaker’s Song, The . . . [252]
- Health to all Good Fellowes, a Ballad . . . [325]
- Heather Ale . . . [175]
- Heaving . . . [241]
- Help Ales . . . [272]
- Herodotus on Egyptian Brewing . . . [25]
- Herrick . . . [15]
- Hicks, William, Brewer to the King . . . [149]
- High and Mightie Commendation of a Pot of Good Ale . . . [71], [320]
- Highgate Oath, The . . . [198]
- Hobby Horse Dance . . . [239]
- Hock-Cart, The . . . [254]
- Hock-tide . . . [241]
- Hollowing Bottle, The . . . [255]
- Homebrew and Malting, Earliest Account of . . . [47]
- Hop-bine Ensilage . . . [82]
- Hop-Gardens of England . . . [87]
- Hop-Growers’ Troubles . . . [89]
- Hop-growing countries of Europe . . . [87]
- Hop-Pickers . . . [92]
- Hop-poles and wires . . . [88]
- Hop-Searchers . . . [70]
- Hop-Substitutes . . . [78]
- Hop-Substitutes, Anecdote . . . [425]
- Hops, Early Introduction into England of . . . [67]
- Hops, Early Mention of . . . [66]
- Hops in America and Australia . . . [87]
- Hops in Saxon times . . . [66]
- Hops, Legislation concerning . . . [73], [78]
- Hops, Medicinal uses of . . . [85]
- Hops, Mention of, in the City Records . . . [68]
- Hops, Prosecutions for using . . . [69]
- Hops, Various uses of . . . [82], [84]
- Horkey Beer, The . . . [256]
- Horses’ Feet Washed with Ale . . . [402]
- Hospitality in England in Early Times . . . [183], [190]
- Hot Pint . . . [237]
- Hot Pot . . . [388]
- How Mault doth deale with Everyone, a Ballad . . . [301]
- Huff-cap . . . [156]
- Huff-cup . . . [421]
- Hugmatee . . . [385]
- Hum-cup . . . [158], [388]
- Humming Ale . . . [158]
- Humpty-Dumpty . . . [385]
- Humulus Japonicus . . . [82]
- Hungerford Park, A Beer Cup . . . [391]
- Hymele . . . [66]
- Hypocras . . . [384]
- I.
- J.
- K.
- L.
- Laboragol . . . [164]
- Labouring Classes, Advantage of Ale to . . . [425], [433]
- Lager Beer . . . [179]
- Lamb-Ales . . . [272]
- Lambswool . . . [381]
- Lamentable Complaints of Nick Froth, The . . . [117]
- Lamentations of the Porter Vat, etc. . . . [371]
- Leet Ales . . . [272]
- Licensing Laws in Ancient Times . . . [113]
- Little Barley-Corn, The, a Ballad . . . [303]
- London Ale . . . [160]
- London Chanticleers, The, Song from . . . [306]
- London Taverns . . . [183]
- Lord of the Tap . . . [105]
- Loving-Cup, The . . . [384]
- Lupuline . . . [80], [86]
- Lupus Salictarius . . . [65]
- M.
- Magpie and Crown, The . . . [221]
- Malt Liquor v. Cheap French Wines . . . [10]
- Malt, Medicinal Preparations of . . . [417]
- Malt, Sermon on . . . [289]
- Malting and Brewing by Women Servants in 1610, [47]
- Malting in Early Times . . . [120]
- Manchester Ale . . . [162]
- Mary-Ales . . . [273]
- Maule, Mr. Justice, Anecdote of . . . [376]
- May-Day Customs . . . [241]–5
- Measures, Legislation concerning . . . [101]
- Medical Opinions, Ancient and Modern, on Ale and Beer . . . [403], [408], [419], [433]
- Mermaid in Bread Street, The . . . [206]
- Merry Bagpipes, The . . . [251]
- Merry Fellows, The, a Song . . . [290]
- Merry Hoastess, The, a Ballad . . . [308]
- Meux’s, Bursting of the Great Vat, etc. . . . [368], [371]
- Midsummer-Ales . . . [272]
- Mitre, Fleet Street, The . . . [210]
- Monasteries, Entertainment at . . . [183]
- Monday’s Work, a Ballad . . . [326]
- Monks as Brewers and Beer-drinkers . . . [37], [41], [50], [96], [285]
- Morocco, A Strong Ale . . . [169]
- Moss Ale, Irish . . . [176]
- Mother-in-Law . . . [392]
- Mother Louse, Ale-wife . . . [129]
- Muggling . . . [290]
- Mug House Club, The . . . [213]
- Mulled Ale . . . [378]
- Mum . . . [172]
- N.
- Newcastle Beer . . . [168]
- Newcastle Cloak . . . [116]
- Newe from Bartholomew Fayre . . . [203]
- Newnton, Curious Custom at . . . [271]
- Nippitatum: Strong Ale . . . [157]
- Norfolk Ales—Norfolk Nog . . . [171]
- Northdown Ale . . . [162], [171], [385]
- North, Florence, Ale-wife . . . [215]
- Norwegian Beer . . . [180]
- Nottingham Ale . . . [162], [167], [210]
- O.
- P.
- Panala Alacatholica . . . [412]
- Panegyric on Ale . . . [165]
- Panegyric on Oxford Ale . . . [13]
- Parnell, Paul, A Great Beer Drinker . . . [59]
- Parsons, Humphrey, Brewer and Lord Mayor . . . [149]
- Parson, The, a Ballad . . . [287]
- Parsonage Alehouses . . . [187]
- Parting Cup, The . . . [389]
- Pasteur’s Discoveries . . . [441]
- Patent Brown Stout . . . [369]
- Peg-tankards . . . [97], [394]
- Pennilesse Pilgrimage, Taylor’s . . . [162], [169], [190]
- Perfite Platforme of a Hoppe Garden . . . [73]
- Pharaoh . . . [158]
- Philosopher’s Banquet, Extract from . . . [44]
- Pig Drinking Ale out of a Jug . . . [15]
- Pledging . . . [383]
- Pliny on German Beer . . . [28]
- Plough Monday . . . [240]
- Plum-pudding Weighing 1,000 lbs., The . . . [203]
- Pointes of Good Huswiferie, Extract from . . . [56]
- Pope Innocent III., Anecdote of . . . [36]
- Porter at Oxford . . . [367]
- Porter Drinkers, Actors and Actresses as . . . [374]
- Porter in Ireland . . . [373]
- Porter, Origin of . . . [365]
- Porter, Professor Wilson on . . . [370]
- Posset Ale . . . [385]
- Pot of Porter oh ! A . . . [376]
- Proverbs of Hendyng (thirteenth century) . . . [38]
- Purl . . . [387], [389]
- Pye upon the Pear Tree Top, The . . . [256]
- Q.
- R.
- Rape of Lucrece, The . . . [204]
- Receipts for Keeping and Flavouring Homebrew . . . [62]
- Rents Paid in Ale . . . [35]
- Rheumatism cured by New Ale . . . [416]
- Robin Rough, the Plowboy . . . [426]
- Rouen, English Beer at, in 1582, [113]
- Roxburghe Ballads, The . . . [295]
- Ruddle . . . [388]
- Rumyng, Eleanor . . . [126], [216], [223]
- Russia, Burton Ale Exported to . . . [338]
- Russia, Burton Beer in . . . [181]
- S.
- Salt & Co., Messrs. . . . [353]
- Saxon Leechdoms . . . [151]
- Scarcity of labour in fourteenth century . . . [39]
- Scot-Ales . . . [98], [267], [272]
- Scotch Ales . . . [169], [170], [171]
- Scotland, Ale Brewing and Selling in Early Times . . . [129]
- Scotland, Assize of Ale, etc., in . . . [129]
- Scurvy cured by Ale . . . [418]
- Senchus Mor, References to Ale in the . . . [30]
- Shakspere and Ale . . . [203], [270], [428]
- Shandy Gaff . . . [392]
- Sheep-shearing Customs and Songs . . . [250]
- Sicera . . . [26]
- Sign of the Red Lion, The, an Anecdote . . . [229]
- Signboard and Alehouse Poetry . . . [211], [223]–7
- Signboard Artists . . . [228]
- Signboards . . . [214]–20
- Sir John Barley-corne, The Ballad . . . [295]
- Skelton’s Ghost . . . [110], [153]
- Small Beer . . . [159], [160], [277], [284]
- Smoke Question in London, Early Mention of the . . . [146]
- Songs of the Session, Extract from . . . [14]
- Sonnet on Christmas . . . [262]
- Spiced Ale . . . [382]
- St. Dunstan, Legend of . . . [97]
- Steen, Jan, Brewer, temp. Chas. II. . . . [148]
- Stephony . . . [385]
- Stickback . . . [385]
- Stiffle . . . [385]
- Stout . . . [374]
- Strength of Malt Liquors Compared . . . [154]
- Sugar Beer . . . [177]
- Sulphuring of Hops . . . [81]
- Sunday Closing in Early Times . . . [115]
- Superstitions relating to Beer and Ale . . . [278]
- Swanne Taverne, The, by Charing Cross . . . [207]
- Swift’s Polite Conversation on Homebrew . . . [59]
- Symposii Ænigmata, A Saxon Riddle . . . [34]
- T.
- Tabard, The . . . [200]
- Tapstere, The Chester . . . [125]
- Taverns of Old London . . . [188], [203]
- Taxes on Ale . . . [38]
- Taylor’s, John, Signboard . . . [211]
- Temperance Drinks . . . [373]
- Temperance v. Total Abstinence . . . [14], [19], [423], [429]
- Tewahdiddle . . . [389]
- Thames Water used in Brewing . . . [122]
- Thrale’s Brewery . . . [340], [368]
- Time’s Alterations, or the Old Man’s Rehersal . . . [396]
- Timothy Burrell, Extracts from the Journal of . . . [59]
- Tinker’s Song, Herrick’s . . . [291]
- Tithe Ale . . . [172], [273]
- Toasting . . . [383]
- Toby Philpot . . . [399]
- Toll on Ale . . . [35]
- Toper, drink, and help the house . . . [15]
- Treacle Beer . . . [177]
- Treatise of Walter de Biblesworth . . . [47]
- Trinity Audit . . . [165]
- Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co., Messrs. . . . [355], [366]
- Tumbrel, Punishment of the . . . [100]
- Tusser on Hops . . . [76]
- Twelfth-day Customs . . . [238]
- Typhus-fever, Malt Liquor beneficial in . . . [419]
- V.
- W.
- Wadlow, Sim . . . [208]
- Wages Paid Anciently in Ale . . . [36]
- Warme Beere, Verses in Commendation of . . . [410]
- Warrington Ale . . . [168]
- Wassail Bowl, The . . . [380]
- Wassailing . . . [234]
- Wassailing the Fruit Trees . . . [236]
- Weddyn Ales . . . [272]
- Welsh Ales . . . [30], [171]
- Weobley Ale . . . [127], [171]
- Wheat Malt, Ancient Use of . . . [105]
- Whitbread & Co., Messrs. . . . [359], [368]
- White Ale, Devonshire . . . [163]
- Whitington and the London Brewers . . . [135]
- Whitsuntide Ales and Customs . . . [246], [267]
- Will Russell, a Ballad . . . [195]
- Wine, Beer, Ale and Tobacco; a Dialogue . . . [72]
- “Wine is but Single Broth” . . . [9]
- Women Brewers . . . [124]
- X.
- X, Origin of the Symbol . . . [113]
- Y.
- Z.
- Zythum . . . [28]
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE.
Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some exceptions noted below. Original printed page numbers are shown like this: {52}. Footnotes have been relabeled 1–75, and moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs. The transcriber produced the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain. Original page images are available from archive.org—search for “cu31924029894759”.
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