[1]. It will be observed that Demokritos falls outside the period thus limited. The common practice of treating this younger contemporary of Sokrates along with the “pre-Socratic philosophers” obscures the true course of historical development. Demokritos comes after Protagoras, and his theory is already conditioned by the epistemological problem. (See Brochard, “Protagoras et Démocrite,” Arch. ii. p. 368.) He has also a regular theory of conduct (E. Meyer, Gesch. des Alterth. iv. § 514 n.).
[2]. See E. Meyer, Gesch. des Alterth. ii. § 64; Menzies, History of Religion, pp. 272-276.
[3]. On all this, see especially Rohde, Psyche, pp. 14 sqq.
[4]. Hes. Theog. 27. They are the same Muses who inspired Homer, which means, in our language, that Hesiod wrote in hexameters and used the Epic dialect. The new literary genre has not yet found its appropriate vehicle, which is elegy.
[5]. There is great historical insight here. It was Hesiod, not our modern historians, who first pointed out that the “Greek Middle Ages” were a break in the normal development.
[6]. Herod. ii. 53.
[7]. The word χάος certainly means the “gape” or “yawn,” the Orphic χάσμα πελώριον. Grimm compared it with the Scandinavian Ginnunga-Gap.
[8]. Quoted from Taylor’s New Zealand, pp. 110-112, by Mr. Andrew Lang, in Myth, Ritual, and Religion, vol. ii. p. 52 (2nd ed.).
[9]. For the remains of Pherekydes, see Diels, Vorsokratiker, pp. 506 sqq. (1st ed.), and the interesting account in Gomperz, Greek Thinkers, vol. i. pp. 85 sqq.