[732]. For Philolaos, see Plato, Phd. 61 d 7; e 7; and for Lysis, Aristoxenos in Iambl. V. Pyth. 250 (R. P. 59 b).
[733]. Diog. viii. 79-83 (R. P. 61). Aristoxenos himself came from Taras. For the political activity of the Tarentine Pythagoreans, see Meyer, Gesch. des Alterth. v. § 824. The story of Damon and Phintias (told by Aristoxenos) belongs to this time.
[734]. Diog. viii. 46 (R. P. 62).
[735]. Compare the way in which the Theaetetus is dedicated to the school of Megara.
[736]. See Aristoxenos ap. Val. Max. viii. 13, ext. 3; and Souidas s.v.
[737]. See below, [§ 150–152].
[738]. Plato, Phd. 61 d 6.
[739]. This appears to follow at once from the remark of Simmias in Phd. 64 b. The whole passage would be pointless if the words φιλόσοφος, φιλοσοφεῖν, φιλοσοφία had not in some way become familiar to the ordinary Theban of the fifth century. Now Herakleides Pontikos made Pythagoras invent the word, and expound it in a conversation with Leon, tyrant of Sikyon or Phleious. Cf. Diog. i. 12 (R. P. 3), viii. 8; Cic. Tusc. v. 3. 8; Döring in Arch. v. pp. 505 sqq. It seems to me that the way in which the term is introduced in the Phaedo is fatal to the view that this is a Sokratic idea transferred by Herakleides to the Pythagoreans. Cf. also the remark of Alkidamas quoted by Arist. Rhet. Β, 23. 1398 b 18, Θήβησιν ἅμα οἱ προστάται φιλόσοφοι ἐγένοντο καὶ εὐδαιμόνησεν ἡ πόλις.
[740]. For reasons which will appear, I do not attach importance in this connexion to Philolaos, fr. 14 Diels = 23 Mullach (R. P. 89), but it does seem likely that the μυθολογῶν κομψὸς ἀνήρ of Gorg. 493 a 5 (R. P. 89 b) is responsible for the whole theory there given. He is certainly, in any case, the author of the τετρημένος πίθος, which implies the same general view. Now he is called ἴσως Σικελός τις ἢ Ἰταλικός, which means he was an Italian; for the Σικελός τις is merely an allusion to the Σικελὸς κομψὸς ἀνὴρ ποτὶ τὰν ματέρ’ ἔφα of Timokreon. We do not know of any Italian from whom Plato could have learnt these views except Philolaos or one of his disciples. They may, however, be originally Orphic for all that (cf. R. P. 89 a).