The protoxide of uranium precipitates dark bottle green by caustic alkalies, and forms crystallizable salts with acids; the other, probably the deutoxide, precipitates orange yellow, and forms uncrystallizable salts with acids; in these respects the oxides bear a near resemblance to those of iron.
Bucholz estimates the yellow oxide at 100 metal + from 25 to 32 oxygen; as it yields oxymuriatic acid when treated with muriatic, it is most likely to be the deutoxide; now if we take 28 for the oxygen combined with 100 metal, the protoxide must consist of 100 metal + 14 oxygen, or of 50 metal + 7 oxygen, and the atom of uranium = 50. From his account of the sulphate and nitrate of uranium the weight of the atom might be inferred to be double of the above or 100. These different conclusions can only be elucidated by future experiments.
25. Oxides of molybdenum.
The latest and as it should seem most accurate experiments on the oxides of molybdenum were made by Bucholz. (Vid. Nicholson’s Journal, 20, p. 121). There appear to be 3 oxides or combinations of molybdenum and oxygen, namely, the brown, the blue, and the white or yellow. The two last have the character of acids, and none of them seem to form salts with acids, like oxides in general. Bucholz ascertained the above gradation, and that the white oxide or molybdic acid contains ⅓ of its weight of oxygen; (which has since been corroborated by Berzelius); he also found that the blue was best formed by mixing, triturating, and boiling in water 3 parts of brown oxide, and 4 of white, or one of metal, and two of acid; and that it has acid qualities as well as the white. Bucholz also found 3 parts of liquid ammonia of the sp. gr. .97 dissolve 1 of molybdic acid; now 3 parts of ammonia = .186 real (Vol. 1, p. 422); and 1 ∶ .186 ∷ 64 ∶ 12, the quantity of ammonia usually saturated by one atom of acid; and Berzelius found 100 molybdic acid saturate 155 oxide of lead, or 63 acid to 97 oxide. The native sulphuret of molybdenum (the state in which this metal is usually found) was analyzed by Bucholz and found to consist of 60 metal and 40 sulphur.
The molybdic acid may be obtained by roasting the sulphuret in a crucible and stirring it frequently; the sulphur in great part escapes in the form of sulphurous acid and the metal becomes oxidated: carbonate of soda in solution may be added to the residuum as long as any effervescence is observed; molybdate of soda remains in solution and the acid may be precipitated by nitric acid. The brown oxide is best obtained by heating molybdate of ammonia to red; the ammonia and part of the oxygen are expelled, and the brown oxide remains.
There are two views with which the preceding results may be reconciled; namely, 1st. supposing the atom of molybdenum to weigh 21; and 2d, by supposing it to weigh 42 or twice that number. In the first case the brown oxide will weigh 24½ (49) being supposed 2 atoms of metal and 1 of oxygen, the blue or protoxide will weigh 28, and the white oxide or molybdic acid will weigh 63, being a compound of the protoxide and deutoxide, molybdena or native sulphuret will then be as usual, the protosulphuret, consisting of 21 metal and 14 sulphur, or 60 metal and 40 sulphur. In the 2d. case the brown or protoxide will weigh 49, the blue or deutoxide 56, and the acid or tritoxide 63. The native sulphuret, molybdena, must in this view be the deutosulphuret, or 42 metal and 28 sulphur.
The former of these views exhibits the oxides somewhat complicated, but agrees well with the sulphuret; the latter shews the oxides in a more regular train, but does not appear so probable from the sulphuret; besides, the notion of a metallic tritoxide is rather singular, especially in a metal that is rarely if ever found in combination with oxygen. Upon the whole I prefer the former view; but it must be considered as problematical only. The atom of 60 (see page 267 Vol. 1) must doubtless be erroneous.
26. Oxides of tungsten.
From the experiments of D’Elhuiarts, Bucholz[13] and Berzelius[14] it seems very probable that the tungstic acid is composed of about 100 metal + 25 oxygen. It is a yellow powder of the sp. gr. 6.12, and is best obtained from the native tungstate of lime (a scarce mineral). One part tungstate of lime and four of carbonate of potash are fused together, dissolved in water, and then the tungstic acid may be precipitated by nitric acid. There is an inferior oxide that is black or dark brown; Berzelius reduced the yellow oxide to a flea-brown colour, by sending a current of hydrogen gas through it in a glass tube heated red hot. 100 parts of this oxide burnt be 107 yellow oxide. Hence 100 metal must combine with about 16½ or 17 oxygen to form this oxide, which is ⅔ of that in the yellow or tungstic acid.—Upon the whole it does not seem improbable, considering the great sp. gravity of this metal, that it forms three oxides and that the acid or yellow oxide is the 3d. Hence the atom of tungsten must be 84, that of the protoxide 91, the deutoxide 98, and the tritoxide or tungstic acid 105. The native tungstate of lime, if pure, according to this would be 81.4 acid + 18.6 lime, which is not far from Klaproth’s analysis; he having found 18.7 lime in one specimen; nor from that of Berzelius, he having found 80.4 tungstic acid and 19.4 lime in 99.8 tungstate of lime.[15]
There is another view however, which would accord with the experiments and perhaps will be found preferable in other respects; that is, to suppose the tungstic acid to be composed of 1 atom deutoxide and 1 atom protoxide united; in this case the atom of tungsten = 42, that of the protoxide = 49, that of the deutoxide = 56, and the tungstic acid = 105 as before.