[800] Winckler, op. cit., pp. 19, 44.
[801] See above, pp. [207], [208]; cf. Winckler, op. cit., p. 14.
[802] Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, p. 608; Johns, in Hastings’ Abridged Dictionary (1909). We adopt the latter’s chronology.
[803] See the map, [p. 375]. Muzri is a term meaning ‘the frontier lands,’ and hence not fixed, vide Hommel, Gesch. Bab. und Assyr., p. 530, note 2; Tiele (Bab. Assyrische Gesch., p. 201) regarded this Muzri as referring to the border-lands of Cilicia, while Winckler (Alttestamentliche Untersuch., p. 172) thinks it applies at this time to the whole of North Syria.
[804] The argument of Petrie, History, iii. (1905) p. 17, as to the reliability of the Egyptian sources in this matter seems to be supported historically by the new light upon the period.
[805] Though Professor Sayce has detected at Karnak a scene which may refer to the northern districts.
[806] We place this event about the time of the accession of Rameses II., c. 1292 B.C. (following the chronology of Breasted, based on Meyer). The battle of Kadesh, which is reflected in the Hittite treaty of Rameses II. (cf. Winckler, op. cit., p. 45), links the two reigns, and would fall under this system of dates about 1288-1289 B.C. Mutallu’s short reign (Winckler, op. cit., p. 20) would thus end shortly afterwards: he is the Mautenel or Mautal of the Egyptian texts.
[807] For a summary of the Egyptian sources, see de Rougé, Revue Égyptologique, iii. p. 149; vii. p. 182. For discussion of the identity of the peoples, with the authorities, Maspero, Struggle of the Nations, pp. 390, 398. Time has brought respect for the latter’s common-sense principle of inquiry, and for the insight of Professor Sayce (The Hittites, 1903 ed., p. 26) in this matter. The argument of Professor Petrie, based on the improbability of troops, ‘three men in a car,’ being able to cross ‘so rough a country as Asia Minor’ (History, iii. p. 47), breaks down at the first name on the lists, and we may regard the main subject of this controversy practically closed. So, too, new evidence makes it unnecessary to discuss in detail the attitude of Hirschfeld, Die Felsenreliefs in Kleinasien und das Volk der Hittiter (Berlin, 1881), and O. Puchstein, Pseudo-hethitische Kunst (Berlin, 1890), though we notice special points of criticism. For a review of the whole situation down to 1896, see Reinach, Chroniques d’Orient, especially i. pp. 372 ff. and pp. 772 ff.
[808] For an exhaustive study of the strategy of the Egyptian leader, and a critical examination of the authorities, see Breasted, The Battle of Kadesh (Chicago, 1903). Cf. also E. Meyer, Geschichte des Alterthums, pp. 288 f.; Maspero, Histoire (1875), pp. 220 ff., and Struggle of the Nations, pp. 392 ff.
[809] Müller (Asien und Europa, p. 216, note 1) thinks this passage in the poem of Pentaur must refer to the overtures of Hattusil II. sixteen years afterwards; but the preamble to the treaty with the latter, read in the light of the new synchronisms, leads us to accept the text as historical.