In a few points of spelling this MS. differs from that of the Mirour: for example, jeo (ieo) is almost always used in the Balades for je (but ie in Ded. i. 4), and the -ai termination is preferred to -ay, though both occur; similarly sui, joie, li, poi, where the Mirour has more usually suy, joye, ly, poy, &c.
What has been said with reference to the Mirour about the use of u and v, i and j, applies also here (except that the scribe of this MS. prefers i initially to I and sometimes writes u initially), and also in general what is said about division of words, accents and contractions. The latter however in the present text of the Balades and Traitié are not indicated by italics. It should be noted that que in the text stands for a contracted form. The word is qe in the Balades, when it is fully written out, but quil, tanquil, &c., are used in the MS., q̅om must evidently be meant for quom, and we find que frequently in the Mirour. Such forms as auerai, deuera, liuere, &c., usually have er abbreviated, but we also find saueroit (viii. 2), auera (xvi. 3), aueray (xvii. 1), written out fully. Where the termination -ance has a line drawn over it, as in suffica̅n̅ce, fia̅n̅ce (iv. 2), it has been printed -aunce, and so cha̅n̅con (xl. 3); but aun is written out fully. In general it must be assumed that -oun ending a word represents o̅n̅, but in xxi. 4 we have noun written out fully in both cases.
In the matter of capitals the usage of the MS. is followed for the most part. The punctuation is of course that of the editor, and it may be observed that the previous editions have none.
TRAITIÉ.
This work, which is called by its author ‘un traitié selonc les auctours pour essampler les amantz marietz,’ is a series of eighteen balades, each composed of three seven-line stanzas without envoy, except in the case of the last, which has an additional stanza addressed ‘Al université de tout le monde,’ apologizing for the poet’s French and serving as a general envoy for the whole collection, though formally belonging to the last balade. The stanzas rhyme ab ab bcc, a form which is used frequently in the Cinkante Balades, as also in Gower’s English poem addressed to Henry IV and in the stanzas which are introduced into the eighth book of the Confessio Amantis. There are Latin marginal notes summarizing the contents of each balade, and the whole is concluded by some lines of Latin. As to the date, if we are to regard the Latin lines ‘Lex docet auctorum’ as a part of the work (and they are connected with it in all the copies), we have a tolerably clear indication in the concluding couplet:
‘Hinc vetus annorum Gower sub spe meritorum
Ordine sponsorum tutus adhibo thorum.’
This was written evidently just before the author’s marriage, which took place, as we know, near the beginning of the year 1398 (by the modern reckoning), and therefore it would seem that the Traitié belongs to the year 1397. It is true that one MS. (Bodley 294) omits this concluding couplet, but in view of the fact that it is contained not only in all the other copies, but also in the Trin. Coll. Camb. MS., which seems to be derived from the same origin as Bodl. 294, we cannot attach much importance to the omission.
In several MSS. the Traitié is found attached to the Confessio Amantis, and with a heading to the effect that the author, having shown above in English the folly of those who love ‘par amour,’ will now write in French for the world generally a book to instruct married lovers by example to keep the faith of their espousals. But though appearing thus as a pendant to the English work in the Fairfax, Harleian, Bodley, Trin. Coll. Camb., Wadham, Keswick Hall and Wollaton MSS., it does not necessarily belong to it. It is absent in the great majority of copies of the Confessio Amantis, and in the Fairfax MS. it appears in a different hand from that of the English poem and was certainly added later. Moreover the Traitié is found by itself in the Trentham book, and following the Vox Clamantis in the All Souls and Glasgow MSS., in both these cases having been added later than the text of that work and in a different hand. We cannot tell what heading it had in the Trentham or the All Souls MSS., but probably the same as that of the Glasgow copy, which makes no reference to any other work. ‘This is a treatise which John Gower has made in accordance with the authors, touching the estate of matrimony, whereby married lovers may instruct themselves by example to hold the faith of their holy espousals.’ This variation of the heading is certainly due to the author, and we are entitled to regard the Traitié as in some sense an independent work, occasionally attached by the author to the Confessio Amantis, but also published separately.
As to the versification, the remarks already made upon that of the Balades apply also to these poems.