[14] Mr Clark refers to this passage, adding: 'So that these places, probably like Richard's castle, were in Norman hands' (M.M.A., i. 37).
[15] 'Osbernus vero, cognomento Pentecost, et socius ejus Hugo sua reddiderunt castella.'
[16] I have noted several cases in point, that of Walter Giffard being the most striking. But we also read in William Rufus (ii. 551) that 'Henry, son of Swegen, who comes so often under Henry the Second, is the unlucky descendant of Robert, son of Wymarc', that is to say, Henry 'of Essex', who was a son of Robert, not of Swegen, and who belonged to a wholly different family and district.
[17] 'Worse than all, the original sinners of the Herefordshire border, Richard and his son Osbern, were still lords of English soil, and holders of English offices' (iv. 53).
[18] Named, as Mr Freeman pointed out, after Harold, son of Earl Ralph, not after Harold, son of Godwine.
[19] 'That Ralph succeeded Swegen on his final banishment in 1051, I have no doubt at all' (ii. 562).
[20] '"The castle" is doubtless Richard's castle.... Here again the expressions witness to the deep feeling awakened by the building of this castle' (ii. 309).
[21] 'The Norman lords whom Eadward had settled in Herefordshire proved but poor defenders of their adopted country. The last continental improvements in the art of fortification proved vain to secure the land' (Ibid.).
[22] Florence (1067) speaks of the 'Herefordenses castellani et Richardus filius Scrob' as the opponents of Eadric. I could almost have fancied that the words 'Herefordenses castellani' referred to 'the castle' in Herefordshire (see vol. ii. p. 139); but the words of the Worcester chronicler 'þa castelmenn on Hereforda' seem to fix the meaning to the city itself' (iv. 64).
[23] I have no hesitation in offering these criticisms, because Mr Freeman's views have been embraced throughout by Mr Hunt, who has followed closely in his footsteps. For instance: