[8]. “Celebrant carminibus antiquis, quod unum apud illos memoriae et annalium genus est.” Tac. Mor. Germ. cap. ii.
[9]. This is asserted both by Gildas and Nennius, and it is not in itself improbable. The Romans did sometimes attempt to disarm the nations they subdued: thus Probus with the Alamanni. Vopisc. cap. 14. Malmsbury’s account of the defenceless state of Britain was probably not exaggerated. He says: “Ita cum tyranni nullum in agris praeter semibarbaros, nullum in urbibus praeter ventri deditos reliquissent, Britannia omni patrocinio iuvenilis vigoris viduata, omni exercitio artium exinanita, conterminarum gentium inhiationi diu obnoxia fuit.” Gest. Reg. lib. i. § 2.
[10]. Prosper Tyro, a.d. 441, says, “Theodosii xviii. Britanniae usque ad hoc tempus variis cladibus eventibusque latae [? laceratae] in ditionem Saxonum rediguntur.” See also Procop. Bel. Got. iv. 20. The former of these passages might however be understood without the assumption of an immigration, which the movements of Attila render probable.
[11]. Bell. Gal. iii. 8. 9; iv. 20.
[12]. Especially the Veneti: hέτοιμοι γὰρ ἦσαν κωλύειν τὸν εἰς τὴν βρεττανικὴν πλοῦν, χρώμενοι τῷ ἐμπορίῳ. Strabo, bk. iv. p. 271. Conf. Bell. Gall. iv. 20.
[13]. Book iv. p. 278.
[14]. Tacit. Ann. xiv. 33.
[15]. Caesar notices the migrations of continental tribes to Britain: he says, “Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsa memoria proditum dicunt; maritima pars ab iis qui praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgis transierant; qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum adpellantur, quibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt, et bello inlato ibi remanserunt, atque agros colere coeperunt.” Bell. Gall. v. 12.
[16]. Ptolemy, bk. ii. c. 2. It is true that Ptolemy calls them Καύκοι, but this mode of spelling is not unexampled, and is found in even so correct a writer as Strabo. The proper form is Καύχοι. Latin authors occasionally write Cauci for Chauci, and sometimes even Cauchi: see Zeuss, Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme, p. 138. It is right to add that Zeuss, whose opinion on such a point is entitled to the highest consideration, hesitates to include these Καυκοι among Germanic tribes (p. 199). The Μανάπιοι, placed also by Ptolemy in Ireland, can hardly be Germans.
[17]. Ptolemy, bk. ii. c. 3. μεθ’ οὗς Κοριταυοὶ, ἐν οἷς πόλεις, λίνδον, ῥάγε· εἶτα, Κατυευχλανοὶ, ἐν οἷς πόλεις, σαλῆναι[al. σαλιοῦαι], οὐρολάνιον. Others have preferred the form Κοριτανοὶ, but the authority of the best manuscripts, not less than the analogy of the names Ingaevones, Iscaevones, Chamavi, Batavi, confirms the earlier reading. According to the Triads, these Coritavi (Coriniaidd) had migrated from a Teutonic marshland. Thorpe’s Lappenberg, i. 15. The word is thus in all probability derived from Hor, lutum, Horiht, lutosus; equivalent to the “aquosa Fresonum arva.” Vit. Sci. Sturm. Pertz. ii. 372. “Saxones, gentem oceani, in littoribus et paludibus inviis sitam.” Oros. vii. 32.