[18]. Chatuarii, Heaðobeardan, Heaðoræmes. However Catu is a genuine British prefix.
[19]. Saxones Baiocassini. Greg. Turon. v. 27; x. 9.
[20]. Grannona in littore Saxonico. Notit. Imp. Occid. c. 86. Du Chesne Hist. i. p. 3. The Tótingas, who have left their name to Tooting in Surrey, are recorded also at Tótingahám in the county of Boulogne. Leo, Rectitudines singularum personarum, p. 26.
[21]. Ptolemy calls the islands at the mouth of the Elbe, Σαξόνων νῆσοι τρεῖς. Zeuss considers these to be Föhr, Silt and Nordstrand. Die Deutschen, p. 150. Lappenberg sees in them, North Friesland, Eiderstedt, Nordstrand, Wickingharde and Böcingharde. Thorpe, Lap. i. 87. It seems hardly conceivable that Frisians, who occupied the coast as early as the time of Caesar, should not have found their way by sea to Britain, especially when pressed by Roman power: see Tac. Ann. xiii. 54.
[22]. Hengest defeated the Picts and Scots at Stamford in Lincolnshire, not far from the Nene, the Witham and the Welland, upon whose banks it is nearly certain that there were German settlements. Widukind’s story of an embassy from the Britons to the Saxons, to entreat aid, is thus rendered not altogether improbable: but then it must be understood of Saxons already established in England, and on the very line of march of the Northern invaders, whom they thus took most effectually in flank. Compare Geoffry’s story of Vortigern giving Hengest lands in Lincolnshire, etc.
[23]. Tac. Hist. iv. 12, about A.D. 69. “Diu Germanicis bellis exerciti; mox aucta per Britanniam gloria, transmissis illuc cohortibus, quas vetere instituto, nobilissimi popularium regebant.”
[24]. Dio. Cas. lxxi. lxxii. Gibbon, Dec. cap. ix. At a later period, Probus settled Vandals and Burgundians here: Zosimus tells us (Hist. Nov. i. 68): ὅσους δὲ ζῶντας οἷος τε γέγονεν ἑλεῖν, εἰς Βρεττανίαν παρέπεμψεν· ὃι τὴν νῆσον οἰκήσαντες, ἐπαναστάντος μετὰ ταῦτα τινος, γεγόνασι βασιλεῖ χρήσιμοι. Procopius even goes so far as to make Belisarius talk of Goths in Britain, but the context itself proves that this deserves very little notice. Bell. Got. ii. 6.
[25]. Carausius was a Menapian: but in the third century the inhabitants of the Menapian territory were certainly Teutonic. Aurelius Victor calls him a Batavian: see Gibbon, Dec. cap. xiii. Carausius, and after him Allectus, maintained a German force here: “Omnes enim illos, ut audio, campos atque colles non nisi teterrimorum hostium corpora fusa texerunt. Illa barbara aut imitatione barbariae olim cultu vestis, et prolixo crine rutilantia, tunc vero pulvere et cruore foedata, et in diversos situs tracta, sicuti dolorem vulnerum fuerant secuta, iacuerunt.... Enimvero, Caesar invicte, tanto deorum immortalium tibi est addicta consensu omnium quidem quos adortus fueris hostium, sed praecipue internecio Francorum, ut illi quoque milites vestri, qui per errorem nebulosi, ut paullo ante dixi, maris abiuncti ad oppidum Londiniense pervenerunt, quidquid ex mercenaria illa multitudine barbarorum praelio superfuerat, cum direpta civitate, fugam capessere cogitarent, passim tota urbe confecerint.” Eumen. Paneg. Const. cap. 18, 19.
[26]. Aurel. Vict. cap. 41. Lappenberg, referring to this fact (Thorpe, i. 47), asks, “May not the name Erocus be a corruption of Ertocus, a Latinization of the old-Saxon Heritogo, dux?” I think not; for an Alaman would have been called by a high and not low German name, Herizohho, not Heritogo. I think it much more likely that his name was Chrohho or Hrôca, a rook.
[27]. Pancirolus would date this important record in A.D. 438. Gibbon, however, refutes him and places it between 395 and 407. Dec. cap. xvii. I am inclined to think even this date inaccurate, and that the Romans did not maintain any such great establishment in Britain, as that herein described, at so late a period. For even Ammianus tells us in 364, “Hoc tempore Picti, Saxonesque et Scotti et Attacotti Britannos aerumnis vexavere continuis,” (Hist. xxvi. 4), which is hardly consistent with a flourishing state of the Roman civil and military rule. The actual document we possess may possibly date from 390 or 400, but it refers to the arrangements of an earlier time, and to an organization of Roman power in more palmy days of their dominion.