History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume II (of 2) / Revised Edition

by John William Draper

The application of this principle to human societies is completely established by a scientific study of their history; and the more extensive and profound that study, the better shall we be able to distinguish the invariable law in the midst of the varying events. But that once thoroughly appreciated, we have gained a philosophical guide for the interpretation of the past acts of nations, and a prophetic monitor of their future, so far as prophecy is possible in human affairs.

INDEX.

Abba Oumna, a distinguished Jewish physician, [i. 401.]
Abbot Arnold, his sanguinary order at the capture of Beziers, [ii. 62.]
Abdallah penetrates Africa as far as Tripoli, [i. 334.]
Abdalmalek invades Africa, [i. 334.]
Abderrahman slain at the battle of Tours, [ii. 30.]
Abderrahman III., description of the Court of, [ii. 32.]
Introduces cotton manufacture into Spain, [ii. 386.]
Abderrahman Sufi improves the photometry of the stars, [ii. 42.]
Abdulmalek, his scrupulous integrity in regard to the church of Damascus, [i. 338.]
Abelard, Peter, his character and doctrines, [ii. 11.]
Abkah, his temporary success in subjugating Africa, [i. 334.]
Aboul Wefa discovers the variation of the moon, [i. 325.]
Abraham Ibn Sahal, obscene character of the songs of, [ii. 35.]
Absorption of the soul of man, the Veda doctrine of, [i. 60.]
Abu-Bekr, the successor of Mohammed and first Khalif, [i. 334.]
Abul Cassem, a Moorish writer of the tenth century, on trade and commerce, [ii. 44.]
Abul Hassan, an Arab astronomer, [ii. 42.]
Abu Othman, a Moorish writer on zoology, [ii. 39.]
Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople, excommunicated by Felix, the Bishop of Rome, [i. 352.]
Academies, accusation of heresy against the Italian, [ii. 213.]
Foundation of modern learned, [ii. 287.]
Academy, Old, founded by Plato, [i. 169.]
Middle, founded by Arcesilaus, [i. 169.]
New, founded by Carneades, [i. 169.]
Fourth, founded by Philo of Larissa, [i. 170.]
Fifth, founded by Antiochus of Ascalon, [i. 170.]
Acherusian Cave, superstitiously believed to lead to hell, [i. 36.]
Achilles, spear of, preserved as a relic, [i. 51.]
Puzzle, advanced by Zeno the Eleatic as one of four arguments against the possibility of motion, [i. 122.]
Acoustics, discoveries in, and phenomena of, [ii. 370.]
Adrian, Pope, incurs the displeasure of Charlemagne in consequence of selling his vassals as slaves, [i. 373.]
Adriatic Sea, North, change of depth in, [i. 30.]
Æneas Sylvius becomes Pope Pius II., [i. 299.]
His remark on the Council of Basle, [ii. 100.]
On the state of faith, [ii. 103.]
On Christendom, [ii. 109.]
Aerial martyrs, account of, [i. 426.]
Æschylus condemned to death for blasphemy, but saved by his brother Aminias, [i. 50.]
Æsculapius, the father of Greek medicine, [i. 393.]
Affinity, first employed in its modern acceptation by Albertus Magnus, [ii. 153.]
Africa, circumnavigation of, by the ships of Pharaoh Necho, [i. 78.]
Conquered by the Arabs, [i. 333.]
Effects of the loss of, on Italy, [i. 350.]
Circumnavigation of, by Vasco de Gama, [ii. 168.]
Age of the earth, problem of, [ii. 294.]
Proofs of, [ii. 334.]
Age of Faith, Greek, [i. 143.]
Its problems, [i. 217.]
European, [i. 308.]
In the East, end of, [i. 326.]
In the West, [i. 349;] [ii. 1,] [27,] [77,] [105.]
Its literary condition, [ii. 128.]
Results of, in England, [ii. 229.]
Contrast of, and age of Reason, [ii. 389.]
Age of Greek decrepitude, [i. 207.]
Age of Inquiry, Greek, its solutions, [i. 217.]
History of, European, [i. 239,] [265.]
Age of Reason, Greek, its problems, [i. 221.]
Approach of, [ii. 151,] [190.]
History of, [ii. 252,] [294.]
Age of Reason, Greek, [i. 171.]
Ages, duration of Greek, [i. 222.]
Ages of life of man, [i. 14.]
Of intellectual progress of Europe, [i. 19.]
Algazzali's, of life of man, [ii. 52.]
Each has its own logic, [ii. 192.]
Agriculture in a rainless country, [i. 85.]
Air, modern discoveries of the relations of, [i. 102.]
Aix-la-Chapelle, adorned by Charlemagne, [i. 373.]
Aiznadin, battle of, [i. 335.]
Al Abbas, a Moorish writer on botany, [ii. 39.]
Alaric, capture of Rome by, [i. 300.]
Albategnius discovers the motion of the sun's apogee, [i. 325.]
Determines the length of the year, [ii. 41.]
Al Beithar, a Moorish writer on botany, [ii. 39.]
Albertus Magnus constructs a brazen man, [ii. 116.]
His extensive acquirements, [ii. 153.]
Alberuni, a Moorish writer on gems, [ii. 39.]
Albigensian revolt, [ii. 147.]
Albucasis, a skilful surgeon of Cordova, [ii. 39.]
Alby, edict of Council of, against the Jewish physicians, [ii. 125.]
Al-Cawthor, river of, mentioned in the Koran, [i. 346.]
Alchemists, Saracenic, [i. 409.]
Alchemists, minor, of England, France, and Germany, [ii. 155.]
Alchemy, theory and object of, [i. 406.]
Alcuin, a Benedictine monk, founded the University of Paris, [i. 437.]
Alemanni, Christianized at the beginning of the sixth century, [i. 365.]
Alexander, Bishop of Constantinople, his controversy with Arius, [i. 285.]
Alexander II. excommunicates the Bishop of Milan, [ii. 17.]
Alexander IV., Pope, he endeavours to destroy the "Everlasting Gospel," [ii. 78.]
Alexander of Aphrodisais, his principles and tendencies, [i. 259.]
Alexander the Great, his invasion of Persia, [i. 171.]
His character, [i. 174.]
Alexandria, foundation of, [i. 173.]
Political state of, [i. 200.]
Decline of the school of, [i. 204.]
Description of, [i. 323.]
Its capture, [i. 334.]
"Alexiad" of Anna Comnena, [ii. 59.]
Algazzali, his writings and doctrines, [ii. 50.]
Alhakem, Khalif, his extensive library, [ii. 32.]
Alhazen discovers atmospheric refraction, [ii. 42.]
Review of, [ii. 45.]
His conclusions on the extent of the atmosphere confirmed, [ii. 367.]
Ali, believed by the Shiites to be an incarnation of God, [i. 347.]
His patronage of literature carried out by his successors, [ii. 36.]
Alineations, employed by Hipparchus in making a register of the stars, [i. 202.]
Alliacus, Cardinal, the five memoirs of, [ii. 254.]
Almagest, of Ptolemy, description of, [i. 203.]
Translated by Averroes, [ii. 67.]
Almaimon, his letter to the Emperor Theophilus, [ii. 40.]
Determines the obliquity of the ecliptic, [ii. 41.]
Also the size of the earth, [ii. 41.]
His accuracy confirmed by the measurements of Fernel, [ii. 255.]
Almansor patronizes learned men irrespective of their religious opinions, [i. 336.]
Alps, upheaval of, [i. 31.]
Al-Sirat bridge, spoken of in the Koran, [i. 346.]
Alwalid I., Khalif, prohibits the use of Greek, [i. 339.]
Amadeus, elected "Pope Felix V.," [ii. 103.]
Amber brought from the Baltic, [i. 46.]
Supposed by Thales to possess a living soul, [i. 97.]
Its electrical power imputed to a soul residing in it, [i. 100.]
Study of its phenomena has led to important results, [ii. 376.]
Ambrose of Milan converts St. Augustine, [i. 304.]
Apology for the impostures practised by, [i. 313.]
Ambrose Paré lays the foundation of modern surgery, [ii. 285.]
America, persecutions practised in, [ii. 117.]
Discovery of, [ii. 163.]
Where name first occurs, [ii. 163.]
Crime of Spain in, [ii. 188.]
Antiquity of its civilization, [ii. 189.]
America, United States of, separation of Church and State in, [ii. 143,] [227.]
Opportune occurrence of the Revolution, [ii. 150.]
Culmination of the Reformation in, [ii. 226.]
American tragedy, [ii. 166.]
Ammon, St., wonder related of, [i. 427.]
Ammonius Saccas, reputed author of the doctrines of Neo-Platonism, [i. 211.]
Amrou, the Mohammedan general, takes Alexandria, [i. 333.]
Amulets, whence their supposed power derived, [i. 403.]
Anabaptists, number of, put to death, [ii. 226.]
Analogy of Greek and Indian Philosophy, [i. 210.]
Analysis, higher, commencement of the, [i. 134.]
Political dangers of, [i. 139.]
Anaxagoras condemned to death for impiety,[i. 50.]
His doctrines, [i. 106.]
Persecution and death of, [i. 110.]
Anaximander of Miletus, his doctrines, [i. 106.]
Originates cosmogony and biology, [i. 107.]
Anaximenes of Miletus holds the doctrine that air is the first principle, [i. 98.]
Anchorets, number of, [i. 432.]
Animals, Veda doctrine of use of, [i. 61.]
Are localized as well as plants, [ii. 309.]
Order of succession of, [ii. 321.]
Animals, cold and hot-blooded, [ii. 332.]
Characteristics of, [ii. 339.]
In lower tribes of, movements are automatic, [ii. 349.]
Their instinctive and intellectual apparatus, [ii. 351.]
Their nature, [ii. 363.]
Analogy between, and Man, [ii. 364.]
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, takes part in the dispute between the realists and nominalists, [ii. 12.]
Anthony, St., a grazing hermit, [i. 427.]
Delusions of, [i. 429.]
Anthropocentric stage of thought, [i. 36.]
Ideas, prominence of, [i. 64.]
Ruin of, [ii. 279.]
Philosophy, review of, [ii. 287.]
Antimony, its uses, and origin of its name, [ii. 156.]
Antiochus of Ascalon, founder of the fourth Academy, [i. 170.]
Antiochus, King of Syria, cedes his European possessions to Rome, [i. 246.]
Antisthenes, founder of the Cynical School, [i. 149.]
Antonina, wife of Belisarius, her cruel treatment of Sylverius, [i. 354.]
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, his acknowledgments to Epictetus, [i. 259.]
Antonio de Dominis, outrage on the body of, [ii. 225.]
Apennines, upheaval of, [i. 31.]
Apocalypse, comments on, [ii. 78.]
Apollonius Pergæus, the writings of, [i. 201.]
His geometry underrated by Patristicism, [i. 316.]
Apollonius of Tyana aids in the introduction of Orientalism, [i. 210.]
Wonders related of, [ii. 115.]
Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, the rival of Duns Scotus, [ii. 14.]
Sojourns with Albertus Magnus, [ii. 116.]
Arabian influence, importance of, [i. 383.]
Sorcery, [i. 390.]
School system, [ii. 36.]
Practical science, [ii. 38.]
Medicine and surgery, [ii. 39.]
Astronomy, [ii. 41.]
Practical art, [ii. 43.]
Commerce, [ii. 43.]
Numerals, [ii. 49.]
Arabs cultivate learning, [i. 335.]
Rapidity of their intellectual development, [i. 336.]
Invade Spain, [ii. 28.]
Arabs, civilization and refinement of Spanish, [ii. 30.]
Introduce the manufacture of cotton into Europe, [ii. 386.]
Invent cotton paper, and the printing of calico by wooden blocks, [ii. 386.]
Arantius, a distinguished anatomist, [ii. 284.]
Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle Academy, [i. 169.]
Archimedes, the writings of, [i. 194.]
His mechanical inventions held in contempt by Patristicism, [i. 316.]
Arctinus, his poems held in veneration, [i. 51.]
Arddha Chiddi, the founder of Buddhism, life of, [i. 66.]
Argonautic voyage, object of, [i. 41.]
Its real nature, [i. 45.]
Ariminium, Council of, [i. 289.]
Aristarchus attempts to ascertain the sun's distance, [i. 199.]
Aristippus, the founder of the Cyrenaic School, [i. 149.]
Aristotle keeps a druggist's shop in Athens, [i. 129,] [397.]
Biography of, [i. 176.]
His works translated into Arabic, [i. 402.]
Aristotelism compared with Platonism [i. 177.]
Arithmetic, Indian, [ii. 40.]
Arius, his heresy, [i. 285.]
His death, [i. 288.]
Political results of his heresy, [i. 326.]
Arnold of Brescia, murder of, [ii. 25.]
Arnold de Villa Nova, biographical sketch of, [ii. 130.]
Art, Black, [i. 404.]
Artesian Wells, [ii. 301.]
Articulata, anatomy of, [ii. 350.]
Asclepions, effect of the destruction of, [i. 387.]
Nature and organization of, [i. 396.]
Asellius discovers the lacteals, [ii. 285.]
Asoka, King, patronizes Buddhism, [i. 67.]
Aspasia, history of, significant, [i. 132.]
Astrolabe, known to the Saracens, [ii. 42.]
Astronomical refraction, understood by Alhazen, [ii. 46.]
Astronomy, primitive, [i. 39.]
Passes beyond the fetich stage, [i. 100.]
Of Eratosthenes, [i. 199.]
How she takes her revenge on the Church, [i. 360.]
The intellectual impulse makes its attack through, [ii. 133.]
Affords illustration of the magnitude and age of the world, [ii. 278.]
Athanasius rebels against the Emperor Constantine, [i. 289.]
First introduces monasticism into Italy, [i. 433.]
Athene, statues of, [i. 51.]
Athens, her progress in art, [i. 132.]
Athens, her philosophy, [i. 133.]
Her fall, [ii. 109.]
Atlantic, first voyage across, [ii. 162.]
Atmosphere, height of, determined by Alhazen, [ii. 47.]
Effects of light on, [ii. 320.]
The phenomena and properties of, [ii. 367.]
Atomic theory, suggested by Democritus, [i. 125.]
Attalus, King of Pergamus, effect of his bequests to Rome, [i. 247.]
Attila, King of the Huns, "the scourge of God," invades Africa, [i. 350.]
Augsburg, Diet of, [ii. 211.]
Augustine, St., causes Pelagius to be expelled from Africa, [i. 294.]
Writes the "City of God," [i. 301.]
Character of that work, [i. 304.]
Denies the possibility of the Antipodes, [i. 315.]
His notion of the Virgin, [i. 361.]
On spontaneous generation, [ii. 329.]
Auricular confession, introduction of, [ii. 65.]
"Ausculta Fili," Papal bull of, [ii. 83.]
Australian, how affected by physical circumstances, [i. 26.]
Avenzoar, a Moorish writer on pharmacy, [ii. 39.]
Averroes, of Cordova, the chief commentator on Aristotle, [ii. 39.]
His theory of the soul, [ii. 193.]
Confounded force with the psychical principle, [ii. 343.]
His erroneous view of man, [ii. 357.]
Avicenna, the geological views of, [i. 411.]
A physician and philosopher, [ii. 39.]
Avignon, Papacy removed to, [ii. 86.]
Voluptuousness of, [ii. 95.]
Papacy leaves, [ii. 96.]
Azof, Sea of, dependency of the Mediterranean, [i. 28.]
Babylonian, extent of astronomical observations, [i. 192.]
Bacon, Lord, nature of his philosophy, [ii. 258.]
Bacon, Roger, titles of his works, [ii. 120.]
Is the friend of the Pope, [ii. 132.]
His history and his discoveries, [ii. 153.]
Baconian philosophy, its principles understood and carried into practice eighteen hundred years before Bacon was born, [ii. 175.]
Bactrian empire, European ideas transmitted through, [i. 45.]
Badbee, John, the second English martyr, denies transubstantiation, [ii. 99.]
Bagdad, Khalifs of, patronize learning, [i. 335.]
Its university founded by the Khalif al Raschid, [i. 402.]
Baghavat Gita, [i. 65.]
Baines on the extent of the cotton manufacture, [ii. 386.]
Bajazet, defeats Sigismund, King of Hungary, at the battle of Nicopolis, [ii. 106.]
"Balance of Wisdom," probably written by Alhazen, [ii. 47.]
Balboa discovers the Great South Sea, [ii. 174.]
Ball, John, his preaching an index of the state of the times, [ii. 148.]
Balthazar Cossa, Pope John XXIII., [ii. 98.]
Barbarians, Northern, their influence on civilization in Italy, [i. 416.]
Barbarossa, Frederick, surrenders Arnold of Brescia to the Church, [ii. 25.]
Barsumas assists in the murder of the Bishop of Constantinople, [i. 297.]
Basil Valentine introduces antimony, [ii. 156.]
Basil, St., Bishop of Cæsarea, founder of the Basilean order of monks, [i. 436.]
Basle, Council of, [ii. 102.]
Bavarians, Christianized, [i. 365.]
"Beatific Vision," questioned by John XXII., [ii. 94.]
Beccher introduced the phlogistic theory, [ii. 286.]
Bechil, the discoverer of phosphorus, [i. 410.]
Belgrade, taken by Soliman the Magnificent, [ii. 109.]
Belisarius reconquers Africa, [i. 327.]
Captures Rome, [i. 350.]
Benedetto Gaetani, Cardinal, his participation in causing the abdication of Peter Morrone, Celestine V., [ii. 80.]
Benedict, St., miracles related of,[i. 435.]
Benedictines, their numbers, [i. 436.]
Ben Ezra, his numerous acquirements, [ii. 123.]
Berengar of Tours, opinions of, [ii. 10.]
Many of his doctrines embraced by Wickliffe, [ii. 98.]
Berkeley, his doctrine on the existence of matter, [i. 231.]
Bernard of Clairvaux stimulates the second Crusade, [ii. 24.]
Bernard, St., attacks Abelard, [ii. 11.]
Bernardini, Peter, the father of St. Francis, [ii. 64.]
Bertha, Queen of Kent, assists in the conversion of England to Christianity, [i. 366.]
Beziers, the capture of, by Abbot Arnold, [ii. 62.]
Council of, opposes the Jewish physicians, [ii. 125.]
Bible, translated into Latin by Jerome, [i. 306.]
Its superiority to the Koran,[i. 343.]
Translated into English by Wickliffe, [ii. 99.]
Its character and general circulation, [ii. 224.]
Biology originates with Anaximander,[i. 107.]
Birds, migration of, [i. 6.]
Bishops, rivalries of the three, [i. 298.]
Their fate, [i. 306.]
Accusation of House of Commons against the English, [ii. 235.]
Their reply, [ii. 236.]
Black Art sprang from Chaldee notions, [i. 404.]
Black Sea, a dependency of the Mediterranean, [i. 28.]
Bleaching by chlorine, [ii. 386.]
Blood admixture, effect of, [i. 15.]
Degeneration, its effect, [ii. 144.]
Boccaccio obtains a professorship for Leontius Pilatus, [ii. 194.]
Bodin's, "De Republica," [i. 6.]
Boethius falls a victim to the wrath of Theodoric, [i. 353.]
His character, [i. 358.]
Boilman, Tom, origin of the nickname, [ii. 244.]
Boniface VIII., Pope, "Benedetto Gaetani," his quarrel with the Colonnas, [ii. 80.]
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, his rapacity, [ii. 75.]
Boniface, an English missionary of the seventh century, [i. 366.]
Books, longevity of, [ii. 201.]
Borelli on circular motion, [ii. 272.]
Applies mathematics to muscular movement, [ii. 286.]
Boyle improves the air-pump, [ii. 286.]
Bradley determines the velocity of direct stellar light, [ii. 299.]
Brahman, how regarded according to the Institutes of Menu, [i. 63.]
Attempted to reconcile ancient traditions with modern philosophical discoveries, [ii. 335.]
Brain, functions, [ii. 351.]
Breakspear, Nicholas, afterwards Pope Adrian IV., [ii. 25.]
Brown, discoverer of the quinary arrangement of flowers, [ii. 286.]
Brindley, a millwright's apprentice, [ii. 385.]
His engineering triumph in the construction of canals, [ii. 387.]
Bruchion, the library in, [i. 318.]
Bruno, Giordano, teaches the heliocentric theory, [ii. 257.]
Is burnt as a heretic, [ii. 258.]
Brutes, why supposed by Diogenes to be incapable of thought, [i. 102.]
Buddhism, its rise, [i. 65.]
The organisation of, [i. 67.]
Its fundamental principle, [i. 68.]
Its views of the nature of man, [i. 70.]
Philosophical estimate of, [i. 72.]
Bulgarians converted by a picture, [i. 367.]
Bunsen, his estimate of Eusebius's chronology, [i. 198.]
Bunyan, John, his writings surpass those of St. Augustine, [i. 305.]
His twelve years' imprisonment for preaching, [ii. 242.]
Probable source of much of the machinery of the Pilgrim's Progress, [ii. 248.]
Burnet's "Sacred Theory of the Earth," [ii. 286.]
Byzantine system adopted in Italy, [i. 349.]
Government persecutes the Nestorians and Jews, [i. 385.]
Suppression of medicine, [i. 386.]
Cabanis, quoted on the influence of the Jews, [ii. 120.]
Cabot, Sebastian, rediscovers Newfoundland, and attempts to find a north-west passage to China, [ii. 174.]
Cabral discovers Brazil, [ii. 174.]
Cadesia, effect of the battle of, [i. 335.]
Cæsalpinus first gives a classification of plants, [ii. 390.]
Cæsar becomes master of the world, [i. 248.]
Calico printing, antiquity of the art, and how improved, [ii. 386.]
Caligula, Emperor, an adept in alchemy, [i. 407.]
Calixtus III., Pope, issues his fulminations against Halley's comet, [ii. 253.]
Callimachus, author of a treatise on birds, and a poet, [i. 201.]
Callisthenes accompanies Alexander the Great in his campaigns, [i. 172.]
Is hanged by his orders, [i. 174.]

Transmits to Aristotle records of astronomical observations, [i. 192.]
Calvin establishes a new religious sect, [ii. 211.]
Causes Servetus to be burnt as a heretic, [ii. 225.]
Calydonian boar, hide of, preserved as a relic, [i. 51.]
Cambyses conquers Egypt, [i. 79,] [186.]
Canal of Egypt, reopened by Necho, [i. 78.]
A warning from the oracle of Amun causes Necho to stop the construction of, [i. 93.]
Cleared again from sand, [i. 325.]
Canals the precursors of railways, [ii. 387.]
Of China, their influence, [ii. 400.]
Cannibalism of Europe, [i. 32.]
Canonic of Epicurus, imperfection of, [i. 167.]
Canosa, scene at, the King of Germany seeking pardon of the Pope, [ii. 19.]
Cape of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco de Gama, [ii. 168.]
First made known in Europe by the Jews, [ii. 175.]
Caracalla, alluded to in the reply of the Christians to the Pagans, [i. 302.]
Carat, its derivation and signification, [ii. 44.]
Carneades, the founder of the New Academy, his doctrines, [i. 169.]
Carthage, description of, [i. 129.]
Its conquest contemplated by Alexander the Great, [i. 174.]
Most effectually controlled by invading Africa, [i. 245.]
Heraclius contemplates making it the metropolis of the Eastern empire, [i. 329.]
Stormed and destroyed by Hassan, [i. 334.]
Carthaginian commerce, nature, and extent of, [i. 130.]
"Carolinian Books" published by Charlemagne, against image worship, [i. 372.]
Caspian and Dead Seas, level of, [ii. 305.]
Castelli assists in the verification of the laws of motion, [ii. 271.]
Creates hydraulics, [ii. 285.]
Lays the foundation of hydraulics, [ii. 390.]
Casuistry, development of, [ii. 66.]
Catalogue of stars contained in the Almagest of Ptolemy, [i. 203.]
Catasterisims of Eratosthenes, [i. 196.]
Catastrophe, insufficiency of a single, [ii. 316.]
Doctrine of, [ii. 323.]
Cato causes Carneades to be expelled from Rome, [i. 164.]
Celibacy of clergy insisted on by the monks, [i. 426.]
Necessity of, [ii. 16.]
Celt, sorcery of the, [i. 34.]
Cerebral sight, important religious result of, [i. 430.]
Cerinthus, his opinion of the nature of Christ, [i. 270.]
Chadizah, the wife of Mohammed, [i. 330,] [337.]
Chakia Mouni, meaning of the name, [i. 67.]
The founder of Buddhism, [i. 342.]
Chalcedon, Council of, [i. 297.]
It determines the relation of the two natures of Christ, [i. 299.]
Chaldee notions give rise to the black art, [i. 404.]
Châlons, battle of, [i. 350.]
Charlemagne, his influence in the conversion of Europe, [i. 364.]
Disapproves of idolatry, [i. 368.]
Developes the policy of his father Pepin, [i. 371.]
Is crowned Emperor of the West, [i. 371.]
The immorality of his private life, [i. 374.]
Charles Martel gains the battle of Tours, [i. 368.]
His relations to the Church, [i. 369.]
Pope Gregory III. seeks his aid, [i. 423.]
Charms, the source of their supposed power, [i. 403.]
Chemistry, fetichism of, [i. 101.]
Pythagorean, [i. 116.]
Scientific, cultivated by the Arabs, [i. 408.]
Chemistry, progress of, [ii. 374.]
Chilperic II. permitted to retain his title, [i. 369.]
Chilperic III. deposed and shut up in the convent of St. Omer, [i. 370.]
China, her policy, [ii. 395.]
Chinese Buddhism, [i. 72,] [74.]
Chosroes II., his successes, [i. 328.]
The effect of his wars on commerce, [i. 337.]
Christian reply to the accusation of the Pagans, [i. 301.]
Christianity, influence of Roman, [i. 241.]
Debased in Rome,[i. 264.]
Distinction between, and ecclesiastical organizations, [i. 267.]
Its first organization, [i. 269.]
Christianity, three modifications of, [i. 271.]
Judaic, [i. 271.]
Gnostic, [i. 273.]
Platonic, [i. 273.]
Spreads from Syria, [i. 274.]
Antagonizes imperialism, [i. 275.]
Its persecutions, [i. 277.]
Hellenized, [i. 290.]
Paganization of, [i. 309.]
Expelled from Palestine, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Carthage, [i. 332.]
Paganisms of, [i. 359.]
Allied to art, [i. 359.]
Chronology of Eratosthenes, [i. 197.]
Church, Greek and Latin, [i. 291.]
Effects of union of, and State, [i. 377.]
What she had done, [ii. 145.]
Services, their influence on the people, [ii. 202.]
Separation of, and State, [ii. 227.]
Cicero, his opinions and principles, [i. 258.]
Cimbri, cause of their invasion, [i. 30.]
Cipher, its derivation and meaning, [ii. 40.]
Alluded to by Pope Sylvester, [ii. 49.]
Circle, the quadrature of, treated by Archimedes, [i. 194.]
Circumnavigation of Africa, why undertaken by the Egyptian Kings, [i. 78.]
Its repetition contemplated by Alexander, [i. 173.]
Of the earth, [ii. 172.]
Results of, [ii. 173.]
Circumstances, how far man is the creature of, [i. 389.]
Clement V., Pope, takes up his residence at Avignon, [ii. 86.]
Clement of Alexandria, his invective against the corruptions of Christianity, [i. 358.]
Cleomedes, an astronomer of Alexandria, [i. 202.]
Cleopatra, the last of the Ptolemies, [i. 200.]
Is presented with one of the Alexandrian libraries, [i. 318.]
Clergy, responsible for the massacre at Thessalonica, [i. 313.]
Support the delusion of supernaturalism, [ii. 113.]
American, [ii. 227.]
English accused by the Commons, [ii. 235.]
Discipline Act, [ii. 237.]
Degraded condition of the lower, in England, [ii. 242.]
"Clericis Laicos," bull issued by Pope Boniface, [ii. 82.]
Clermont, Council of, authorizes the First Crusade, [ii. 21.]
Climacus, John, author of "Ladder of Paradise," [ii. 59.]
Climates, in time and place, [ii. 317.]
Clotilda, Queen of the Franks, counsels her husband Clovis, [i. 365.]
Clouds and their nomenclature, [ii. 373.]
Cnidos, medical school of, [i. 396.]
Cnudesuya, aqueduct of, [ii. 186.]
Coal period, [ii. 320.]
Its botany, [ii. 332.]
Cobham, Lord, hanged for heresy and treason, [ii. 99.]
Cochlea, its function, [i. 5.]
Cœnobitism succeeds Eremitism, [i. 432.]
Coffee-houses, their political and social importance, [ii. 249.]
Coinage, its adulteration, [i. 251.]
Coiter creates pathological anatomy, [ii. 285.]
Cold, influence of, on man, [i. 28.]
Colleges founded by the Jews, [i. 402,] [ii. 121.]
Colonial system, origin of Greek, [i. 128.]
Colonies, Greek, essentially weak, [i. 113.]
Philosophical influence of, [i. 128.]
Colonnas, their quarrel with Pope Boniface, [ii. 80.]
Colossus of Rameses II., its great antiquity, [i. 87.]
Colours of rainbow, [ii. 379.]
Columban, a missionary of the sixth century, [i. 366.]
Columbus, his early life, [ii. 159.]
Is confuted by the Council of Salamanca, [ii. 161.]
His voyage across the Atlantic, [ii. 162.]
Discovery of America, [ii. 163.]
Commerce, development of Mediterranean, [i. 45.]
Favourable to the spread of new ideas, [i. 127.]
Commerce, many of the devices of modern, known to the Carthaginians, [i. 130.]
Communities, nature of progress of, [i. 12.]
Comnena, Anna, "Alexiad" of, [ii. 59.]
Condillac, his theory of memory and comparison, [i. 232.]
Conon of Alexandria, [i. 194.]
Constance, Council of, [ii. 99.]
Constantine the Great, the success of his policy, [i. 277.]
Influence of the reign of, [i. 278.]
Removes the metropolis, [i. 279.]
His tendencies to Paganism, [i. 280.]
His relations to the Church, [i. 281.]
His policy, [i. 282.]
Conversion and death, [i. 283.]
Attempts to check the Arian controversy, [i. 286.]
Denounces Arius as a heretic, [i. 287.]
Constantine, Pope, an usurper, his cruel treatment, [i. 378.]
Constantine Copronymus, his iconoclastic policy, [i. 418.]
Constantine Palæoologus, the last of the Roman Emperors, [ii. 108.]
Constantinople, Council of, [i. 419.]
Determines that Son and Holy Spirit are equal to the Father, [i. 299.]
The seventh general, held at, [i. 419.]
Sack of, [ii. 56.]
Its literature, [ii. 58.]
Siege of, by the Turks, [ii. 107.]
Fall of, [ii. 108.]
Convocation, charges against, [ii. 235.]
Copais, tunnel of, [i. 32.]
Copernican system, condemned by the Inquisition, [ii. 263.]
Theory of, rectified, [ii. 268.]
Copernicus, the works of, [ii. 255.]
His doctrine, [ii. 256.]
Copronymus the Iconoclast, [i. 418.]
Cordova, description of, [ii. 30.]
Corinth, mechanical art reached its perfection in, [i. 132.]
Her fall, [ii. 109.]
Cosmas Indicopleustes, his argument against the sphericity of the earth, [ii. 159.]
Cosmo de' Medici, [ii. 192.]
Cosmogony, originates with Anaximander, [i. 107.]
Of Anaxagoras, [i. 109.]
Of Pythagoras, [i. 115.]
Cotton manufacture, [ii. 385.]
Councils, their object and nature, [i. 236.]
Are not infallible, [i. 297.]
Creations and extinctions, cause of, [ii. 311.]
Criterion of truth, existence of, doubted by Anaxagoras, [i. 110.]
One of the problems of Greek philosophy, [i. 230.]
Remarks on, [i. 232.]
A practical one exists, [i. 235.]
Criticism, effect of philosophical, [i. 46.]
Rise of, [ii. 190.]
Effect of, on literature and religion, [ii. 224.]
Cross, the true, discovered, [i. 309.]
Crotona, a Greek colonial city, [i. 111.]
Its extent, [i. 128.]
Crusades, origin of, [ii. 20.]
The first, [ii. 22.]
Political result of, [ii. 23.]
Atrocities in the South of France, [ii. 62.]
Effect of, [ii. 135.]
Ctesiphon, the metropolis of Persia, sack of, [i. 335.]
Cuvier, his doctrine of the permanence of species, [ii. 326.]
His remark on vivisection, [ii. 349.]
Cuzco, the metropolis of Peru, description of, [ii. 181.]
Cycle of life, [i. 233.]
Cyclopean structures, [i. 32.]
Cynical school, [i. 149.]
Cyprian, his complaints against the clergy and confessors, [i. 358.]
Cyprian, St., his remarks at the Council of Carthage, [i. 291.]
Cyprus taken by the Saracens, [i. 335.]
Cyrenaic school, [i. 149.]
Cyril, St., his acts, [i. 321.]
An ecclesiastical demagogue, [i. 391.]
Daillé, his estimate of the Fathers, [ii. 225.]
Damascus taken, [i. 334.]
Damasus, riots at the election of, [i. 292.]
Damiani, Peter, his charges against the priests of Milan, [ii. 7.]
Death, interstitial, [i. 14.]
"Defender of Peace," nature of the work, [ii. 93.]
Deification, John Erigena on, [ii. 9.]
Deity, anthropomorphic ideas of, in the Koran, [i. 342.]
Delos, a slave market, [i. 246.]
Deluges, ancient, [i. 30.]
Delusions, of the sense, [i. 230.]
Created by the mind, [i. 429.]
Demetrius Phalereus, his instructions to collect books, [i. 188.]
Demetrius Poliorcetes quoted, [i. 166.]
Democritus asserts the unreliability of knowledge, [i. 124.]
Descartes, his theory of clear ideas, [i. 231.]
Introduces the theory of an ether and vortices, [ii. 285.]
Desert, influences of the, [i. 6.]
Destiny, Democritus's opinion of, [i. 125.]
Stoical doctrine of, [i. 185.]
Deucalion, deluge of, [i. 51.]
Development of organisms, Alhazen's theory of, [ii. 48.]
Dew, the nature of, [ii. 384.]
Diaphragm of Dicæarchus, [i. 196.]
Didymus, wonderful taciturnity related of, [i. 427.]
Diocles, a writer on hygiene and gymnastics, [i. 397.]
Diocletian, state of things under, [i. 276.]
Diogenes of Apollonia developes the doctrines of Anaximenes, [i. 99.]
Diogenes of Sinope extends the doctrines of Cynicism, [i. 149.]
Dioscorus, Bishop of Alexandria, deposed by the Council of Chalcedon, [i. 297.]
Djafar, or Geber, an Arabian chemist, describes nitric acid and aqua regia, [i. 410.]
Djondesabour, medical college of, founded by the Nestorians and Jews, [i. 391.]
Patronized by the Khalif al Raschid, [i. 402.]
Docetes, their ideas of the nature of Christ, [i. 270.]
Dogmatists, their theory of the treatment of disease, [i. 399.]
Dominic, St., wonders related of, [ii. 63.]
Dominicans, they oppose Galileo, [ii. 262.]
Donatists recalled from banishment by Constantine, [i. 281.]
Drama, an index of national mental condition, [ii. 249.]
Draper's Physiology quoted on cerebral sight, [i. 430.]
On the benefits conferred by the Church, [ii. 145.]
On the necessity of resorting to anatomy and physiology, [ii. 343.]
Dreams, Algazzali's view of their nature, [ii. 51.]
Druids, [i. 241.]
Du Molay, burnt at the stake, [ii. 92.]
Duns Scotus, John, a Franciscan monk, the rival of Thomas Aquinas, [ii. 14.]
Duverney on the sense of hearing, [ii. 286.]
Ear, [i. 5.]
Earth, globular form of, implied by the voyage of Columbus, [ii. 164.]
Earth, globular form of, proved by its shadow in eclipses of the moon, [ii. 171.]
Is not the immovable centre of the universe, [ii. 254.]
Age of, [ii. 278.]
Its slow cooling, [ii. 301.]
Mean density of, [ii. 302.]
Movement of the crust of, [ii. 306.]
Development of life on, [ii. 355.]
Earthquakes, [ii. 302.]
Easter, dispute respecting, [i. 291.]
Ebionites, their doctrine of our Saviour's lineage, [i. 272.]
Ebn Djani, physician to the Sultan Saladin, and author of a work on the medical topography of Alexandria, [ii. 124.]
Ebn Junis, a Moorish astronomer, [ii. 41.]
Astronomical table of, [ii. 42]
Ebn Zohr, competitor of Raschi, [ii. 123.]
Ecclesiasticism, its decline, [ii. 143.]
Its downfall, [ii. 284.]
Eclipse, solar, predicted by Thales, [i. 97.]
Ecliptic, discovery of obliquity of, falsely imputed to Anaximenes, [i. 99.]
Determined with accuracy by Almaimon, [ii. 41.]
Slow process of its secular variation, [ii. 304.]
Ecstasy, [i. 213.]
Edessa, church of, re-built by Moawiyah for his Christian subjects, [i. 338.]
Edward I. of England compels the clergy to pay taxes, [ii. 81.]
Egypt, conquest of, by Cambyses, [i. 79.]
Antiquity of civilization in,[i. 81.]
Pre-historic Life of, [i. 81.]
Influence of, on Europe, [i. 82.]
Antiquity of its monarchy, [i. 84.]
Geological age of, [i. 87.]
Geography and topography of, [i. 87.]
Roman annexation of, [i. 248.]
Egyptian ports opened, [i. 77.]
Theology [i. 91.]
Elcano, Sebastian de, the Lieutenant of Magellan, [ii. 173.]
Eleatic philosophy, [i. 118.]
Influence of the school, [i. 220.]
Electricity, discoveries in, [ii. 377.]
Electro-magnetism, [ii. 378.]
Elixir of Life, [i. 407.]
Effect of the search for, on medicine, [i. 411.]
Eloquence, Parliamentary, decline of its power, [ii. 204.]
Elphinstone, quotation from, [i. 64.]
Elysium, [i. 36.]
Emanation, doctrine of, [i. 225.]
Empedocles, biography of, [i. 123.]
Empirics, their doctrine, [i. 399.]
England, conversion of, [i. 366.]
Policy of an Italian town gave an impress to its history, [ii. 17.]
Its social condition, [ii. 229.]
Condition of, at the suppression of the monasteries, [ii. 230.]
Backward condition of, [ii. 233.]
State of, at the close of the seventeenth century, [ii. 238.]
Ephesus, Council of, called "Robber Synod," [i. 297.]
Determines that the two natures of Christ make but one person, [i. 299.]
Epictetus, his doctrines, [i. 259.]
Epicureans, modern, [i. 168.]
Epicurus, the doctrine of, [i. 165.]
His irreligion, [i. 168.]
Epicycles and eccentrics, Hipparchus's theory of, [i. 202.]
Epochs of individual life, [i. 14.]
Of national life, [i. 19.]
Erasmus becomes alienated from the Reformers, [ii. 225.]
Wonderful popularity of his "Colloquies," [ii. 238.]
Eratosthenes, the writings and works of, [i. 196.]
Astronomy of, [i. 199.]
Eremitism, its modifications, [i. 432.]
Erigena, John, a Pantheist employed by the Archbishop of Rheims, [ii. 9.]
Essenes, a species of the first hermits among the Jews, [i. 425.]
Ether, movements of, [ii. 382.]
Ethical philosophy, [i. 143.]
Its secondary analysis, [i. 164.]
Ethics of Plato, [i. 158.]
Ethnical element, definition of, and conditions of change in, [i. 12.]
Eucharist, difference of opinion about, [ii. 210.]
Euclid of Alexandria, his various works, [i. 193.]
His reply to Ptolemy Philadelphus, [i. 398.]
Euclid of Megara, an imitator of Socrates, [i. 148.]
Eugenius IV., Pope, dethroned by the Council of Basle, [ii. 102.]
Eumenes, King of Pergamus, establishes a second library in Alexandria, [i. 318.]
Eunapius, his opinion of Plotinus, [i. 212.]
Eunostos, harbour of, connected by a canal with lake Mareotis, [i. 323.]
Euripides tainted with heresy, [i. 50.]
Europe, description of, [i. 23.]
Greatest elevation of, above the sea, [i. 23.]
Vertical displacement of, [i. 29.]
Conversion of, [i. 365.]
Psychical change in, [i. 364.]
Social condition of, after Charlemagne, [i. 376.]
Barbarism of, [ii. 27.]
Future of, [ii. 392.]
European climate, modification of Asiatic intruders by, [i. 34.]
Old religion, [i. 240.]
Priesthood, [i. 240.]
Slave-trade, [i. 373.]
Eusebius, his contempt of philosophy, [i. 314.]
Perverts chronology, [i. 197.]
Is deposed, [i. 297.]
His apology for the Fathers, [i. 314.]
His chronology subverts that of Manetho and Eratosthenes, [i. 316.]
His admission of his own want of truthfulness, [i. 360.]
Eustachius distinguished by his dissections, [ii. 284.]
Eutychianism, [i. 296.]
"Everlasting Gospel," [ii. 75.]
Existence depends on physical conditions, [i. 7.]
Extinction of species, cause of, [i. 8.]
Extinctions and creations, law of, [ii. 311.]
Eye, arranged on refined principles of optics, [i. 5.]
Functions of, [ii. 380.]
Capabilities of the human, [ii. 383.]
Fabricius ab Aquapendente discovers the valves in the veins, [ii. 285.]
Fairies destroyed by tobacco, [ii. 126.]
Faith, two kinds of, [ii. 192.]
Fallopius distinguished by his dissections, [ii. 284.]
Fasting, continued, its effect on the mind, [i. 429.]
Faustus, his accusation to Augustine, [i. 310.]
Felix V., Pope, abdicates, [ii. 103.]
Felix, Bishop of Rome, excommunicated by Acacius, Bishop of Constantinople, [i. 352.]
Fernel establishes the true nature of syphilis, [ii. 232.]
Measures the size of the earth, [ii. 255.]

Fetiches supposed a panacea, [i. 386.]
Fetichism displaced by star worship, [i. 3.]
Difficulty of early cultivators of philosophy to emerge from, [i. 100.]
Feudal system, how it originated, [i. 376.]
Fire, asserted by Heraclitus to be the first principle, [i. 104.]
Fire, liquid or Greek, used by the Arabs, [i. 408.]
Fireworks used by the Arabs, [i. 408.]
Flagellants, their origin, [ii. 76.]
Flavianus, Bishop of Constantinople, deposed, [i. 297.]
Florence, the Academy of Athens revived in the Medicean gardens of, [ii. 193.]
Florentine Academicians erroneously suppose water to be incompressible, [ii. 372.]
Originate correct notions of the radiation of heat, [ii. 383.]
Show that dark heat may be reflected by mirrors, [ii. 390.]
Florentius, a priest, attempts to poison St. Benedict, [i. 435.]
Food, location of animals controlled by, [ii. 310.]
Its nature, [ii. 341.]
Force, animal, its source, [ii. 339.]
Formosus, Pope, converted the Bulgarians, [i. 367.]
Forms contrasted with law, [i. 22.]
Introduction of, personified, [i. 37.]
Fictitious permanence of, successive, [i. 104.]
Fracasta, an early cultivator of fossil remains, [ii. 391.]
Francis, St., his early life, [ii. 64.]
Placed by the lowest of his order in the stead of our Saviour, [ii. 83.]
Franciscans, higher English, their opposition to Pope Boniface, [ii. 83.]
Franks Christianized at the end of the fifth century, [i. 365.]
Fratricelli, their affirmation, [i. 283.]
Burned by the inquisition for heresy, [ii. 79.]
Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, birth of, [ii. 25.]
His Mohammedan tendencies, [ii. 66.]
Free trade, its effects, [i. 254.]
Freewill not inconsistent with the doctrine of law, [i. 21.]
Galen, his opinions, [i. 259.]
His division of physicians into two classes, [i. 399.]
Galileo, the historical representative of the intellectual impulse, [ii. 134.]
Invents the telescope, [ii. 261.]
Astronomical discoveries of, [ii. 261.]
Is condemned by the Inquisition, [ii. 263.]
Publishes "The System of the World," [ii. 263.]
His degradation and punishment, [ii. 264.]
His death, [ii. 265.]
His three laws of motion, [ii. 269.]
Re-discovers the mechanical properties of fluids, [ii. 372,] [390.]
Geber, or Djafar, the alchemist, discovers nitric acid and aqua regia, [i. 409.]
Gelasius, his fearless address to the Emperor, [i. 353.]
Geminus, an Alexandrian astronomer, [i. 202.]
Genoa, her commerce, [ii. 158.]
Genseric, King of the Vandals, invited by Count Boniface into Africa, [i. 327.]
Invited to Rome, [i. 350.]
Geocentric theory, its adoption by the Church, [ii. 254.]
Important result of its abandonment, [ii. 335.]
Geographical discovery, effects of, [i. 44.]
Geography, primitive, [i. 39.]
Its union with the marvellous, [i. 42.]
Of Ptolemy, [i. 204.]
End of Patristic, [ii. 164.]
Geological movements of Asia, [i. 29.]
Geology, [ii. 294.]
Evidence furnished by, as to the position of man, [ii. 338.]
Gepidæ, converted in the fourth century, [i. 365.]
Gerbert, life of, [ii. 4.]
His Saracen education, [ii. 4.]
His ecclesiastical advancement, [ii. 5.]
Becomes Pope Sylvester II., [ii. 6.]
Is the first to conceive of a European crusade, [ii. 21.]
Said to have introduced a knowledge of the Arabic numerals into Europe, [ii. 49.]
Germans not prone to idolatry, [i. 415.]
Insist on a reform in the Papacy, [ii. 2.]
Gesner, Luther's opinion of the manner of his death, [ii. 117.]
Leads the way to zoology, [ii. 284.]
Gilbert proposed to determine the longitude by magnetic observations, [ii. 167.]
Adopts the views of Copernicus, [ii. 260.]
Publishes his book on the magnet, [ii. 284.]
Gilbert of Ravenna elected antipope, [ii. 20.]
Gisella, Queen of Hungary, assists in the conversion of her subjects to Christianity, [i. 365.]
Glass, its rate of dilatation by heat, [ii. 300.]
Globes, used by the Saracens, [ii. 41.]
Gobi, dry climate of, [i. 25.]
Character of its botany, [i. 25.]
Was once the bed of a sea, [i. 29.]
Gold, Ancient value of, [i. 251.]
Potable, attempts to make, [i. 407.]
Problem of, solved by Djafar, [i. 409.]
Gotama, the founder of Buddhism, life of, [i. 67.]
Goths become permanently settled in the Eastern empire, [i. 300.]
Adopt the Byzantine system, [i. 349.]
Have possession of Italy, [i. 350.]
Date of their conversion, [i. 365.]
Gotschalk, his persecution, [ii. 8.]
Graaf, a physiologist, [ii. 286.]
Greece, Roman invasion of, [i. 247.]
Greek mythology, [i. 38.]
Transformations of, [i. 43.]
Cause of its destruction, [i. 44.]
Secession of literary men and philosophers, [i. 47.]
Movements repeated in Europe, [i. 53.]
Philosophy, origin of, [i. 94.]
Summary of, [i. 141.]
Its four grand topics, [i. 223.]
Fire, [i. 408.]
Learning, revival of, [ii. 193.]
Cause of dislike of, [ii. 195.]
Gregory II., Pope, defends image-worship, [i. 421.]
Gregory III., Pope, defies the emperor, [i. 423.]
Gregory VI., Pope, purchases the Papacy, [i. 381.]
Gregory VII., his policy, [ii. 15.]
Gregory IX., Pope, excommunicates Frederick II., [ii. 67.]
Gregory XI., Pope, restores the Papacy to Rome, [ii. 96.]
Gregory XII., Pope, deposed by the Council of Pisa, [ii. 97.]
Gregory the Great, his history, [i. 355.]
Burns the Palatine Library, [i. 357.]
Attempts to reconvert England, [i. 366.]
Gregory of Nazianzum, his opinion of Councils, [i. 299.]
Grew discovers the sexes of plants, [ii. 286.]
Grimaldi discovers the diffraction of light, [ii. 390.]
Grostête, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, the result of his inquiry into the emoluments of foreign ecclesiastics, [ii. 55.]
Makes a speaking head, [ii. 116.]
Grotius, his opinion of the Reformation, [ii. 225.]
Guido, a Benedictine monk, the inventor of the scale of music, [i. 437.]
Gulf Stream, its influence on the western countries of Europe, [i. 24;] [ii. 371.]
Gunpowder, its composition given by Marcus Græcus, [i. 408.]
Hades, [i. 39.]
Origin of the Greek, [i. 92.]
Hadrian IV., Nicholas Breakspear, [ii. 25.]
Hallam, his opinion of Leonardo da Vinci quoted, [ii. 268.]
Halley's comet, how described and regarded, [ii. 253.]
Hallucination, fasting a frequent cause of, [i. 428.]
Hannina, the earliest Jewish physician, [i. 400.]
Haroun, a physician of Alexandria, the first to describe the small-pox, [i. 401.]
Haroun al Raschid, Khalif, sends Charlemagne the keys of our Saviour's sepulchre, [i. 374.]
Places all his public schools under John Masué, [i. 392.]
Patronizes a medical college and founds a university, [i. 402.]
Causes Homer to be translated into Syriac, [ii. 34.]
Harpalus, employed by Alexander in his scientific undertakings, [i. 173.]
Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood, [ii. 285.]
Hassan takes Carthage by storm, [i. 334.]
Heart constructed upon the principles of hydraulics, [i. 5.]
Heat, control of, over life, [i. 8.]
Distribution of, in Europe, [i. 26.]
Sources of, [i. 103.]
Boundary of organisms by, [ii. 309.]
Decline of, in the earth, [ii. 318.]
Properties of, [ii. 383.]
Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, superintends the building of monumental churches, [i. 309.]
The influence she exercised in the religion of the world, [i. 366.]
Her benevolence in founding hospitals, [i. 386.]
Adopts image-worship, [i. 414.]
Heliocentric theory, its meaning, [ii. 254.]
Resistless spread of, [ii. 274.]
Heming introduced street-lamps in England, [ii. 241.]
Henry V., Emperor of Germany, his resistance to the Popes, [ii. 24.]
Henry VIII., King of England, had personal reasons for discontent, [ii. 216.]
The instrument, not the author, of the revolution, [ii. 238.]
Henry the Fowler asserts the power of the monarchical principle, [i. 376.]
Heraclitus, his philosophical system, [i. 104.]
Heraclius, Emperor, resists the second Persian attack, [i. 326.]
His contemplated abandonment of Constantinople, [i. 329.]
Defeated at the battle of Aiznadin, [i. 335.]
The effect on commerce of his long wars, [i. 337.]
Hercules, legend of, [i. 37.]
Heresy, Pelagian, [i. 293.]
Nestorian, [i. 295.]
Eutychian, [i. 296.]
Followed the spread of literature, [ii. 60.]
Heretics, burning of, by the Inquisition, [ii. 75.]
Hermits, their origin, [i. 424.]
Aerial, [i. 426.]
Grazing, [i. 427.]
Their numbers, [i. 432.]
Hero, the inventor of the first steam-engine, [i. 205,] [387.]
Herodotus, [i. 49.]
Herschels, their discoveries, [ii. 276.]
Hesiod extends the theogony of Homer, [i. 43.]
Hessians, period of their conversion, [i. 365.]
Hiero's crown gives origin to hydrostatics, [i. 195.]
Hieroglyphics, their origin and value, [i. 83.]
Hilarion, a hermit of the fourth century, [i. 425.]
Said to be the first to establish a monastery, [i. 432.]
Hilary, Bishop of Arles, his contumacy denounced, [i. 300.]
Hildebrand brought on an ecclesiastical reform, [ii. 3.]
His difficulty in reconciling the dogmas of the Church with the suggestions of reason, [ii. 12.]
Becomes Pope Gregory VII., [ii. 15.]
Hindu polytheism, [i. 34.]
Philosophy, [i. 56.]
Hipparchus, the writings of, [i. 202.]
Hippocrates, his opinion of Democritus, [i. 126.]
Review of, [i. 393.]
Historians, secession of, from the public faith, [i. 49.]
Hobbes, his philosophical opinions, [i. 231.]
Holy places, loss of, [ii. 134.]
Homer, theogony of, extended by Hesiod, [i. 43.]
Homœomeriæ, [i. 109.]
Honorius passes a law against concubinage among the clergy, [i. 359.]
Honorius III. compels Frederick II. to marry Yolinda de Lusignan, [ii. 67.]
Hooke, his paper to the Royal Society on circular motion, [ii. 272.]
Determines the essential conditions of combustion, [ii. 286.]
Hormisdas, Pope, policy pursued by, [i. 353.]
Horner's observation on the rate of the mud deposit of the Nile, [i. 87.]
Hosius of Cordova sent to Alexandria, [i. 286.]
Houris of Paradise, [i. 346.]
Humboldt pays tribute to Eratosthenes, [i. 196.]
His remarks on the movement of Jupiter's satellites, [ii. 267.]
Hume, his doctrine of mind and matter, [i. 231.]
Huss, John, martyrdom of, [ii. 100.]
Adopts the theological views of Wickliffe, [ii. 148.]
Hydrometer improved by Alhazen, [ii. 48.]
Hyksos, old empire of Egypt invaded and overthrown by the, [i. 76.]
Hypatia lectures on philosophy in Alexandria, [i. 322.]
Murdered by Cyril, [i. 324.]
Hypocrisy, organization of, [i. 54.]
Iamblicus, a wonder-worker, [i. 215.]
Iconoclasm, [i. 416.]
Ideal theory, Plato's, [i. 153.]
Criticism on, [i. 161.]
Illiberis, Council of, condemns the worship of images, [i. 414.]
Images, bleeding and winking, [i. 415.]
Image-worship resisted by Charlemagne, [i. 372.]
Fostered by the Empress Helena, [i. 414.]
In the West, [i. 415.]
"Imitation of Christ," tendency of, [ii. 196.]
Immortality, double, implied by Plato's doctrine, [i. 161.]
Impulses, two, against the Church, [ii. 131.]
Incandescence, the production of light by, [ii. 384.]
Incarnations, divine, necessary consequence of the belief of, [i. 91.]
Incas, the ancestors of one of the orders of nobility among the Peruvians, [ii. 183.]
Incombustible men, [i. 409.]
Index Expurgatorius, promulgated by Paul IV., [ii. 214.]
Indian, American, [i. 27.]
Indo-Germanic invasion, [i. 32.]
Inductive philosophy founded by Aristotle, [i. 76.]
Indulgences, nature of, [ii. 207.]
Innocent I., Pope, settles the Pelagian controversy in favour of the African bishops, [i. 294.]
Innocent III., Pope, his interference in behalf of temporary political interests, [ii. 53.]
His death, [ii. 62.]
Prohibits the study of science in the schools of Paris, [ii. 76.]
Innocent IV., Pope, excommunicates Frederick, [ii. 72.]
Innocent VIII., Pope, his bull against witchcraft, [ii. 116.]
Inquisition, its origin, [ii. 62.]
Attempts to arrest the intellectual revolt, [ii. 74.]
Its sacrifices, [ii. 188.]
Its effect on Protestantism in Spain and Italy, [ii. 220.]
Insane, Diogenes' view of the, [i. 102.]
Insect an automatic mechanism, [ii. 349.]
Institutes of Menu, [i. 63.]
Intellect, the primal, Anaxagoras's view of, [i. 108.]
Intellectual class, the true representation of a community, [i. 13.]
Despair, [ii. 52.]
Intellectual impulse makes its attack through astronomy, [ii. 133.]
Development the aim of nature, [ii. 359.]
Interstitial death, [i. 14.]
Creations, [ii. 312.]
Investitures, the conflict on, [ii. 17.]
Invisible, localization of the, [i. 36.]
Ionian philosophy, puerilities of, [i. 106.]
Irene, the Empress, puts out her son's eyes, [i. 374.]
Her superstitious cruelty, [i. 420.]
Iris, its function, [i. 5.]
Isis, her worship, [i. 187.]
Isothermal lines, [i. 24,] [26.]
Israfil, the angel, [i. 345.]
Italian Christianity, boundaries of, [ii. 1.]
System, its movements, [ii. 150.]
Italy, relations of, [ii. 127.]
Degraded state of, [ii. 127.]
Immorality of, [ii. 136.]
Cause of her degradation, [ii. 143.]
Scientific contributions of, [ii. 390.]
Causes of her depression, [ii. 391.]
James I., his proceedings against witchcraft, [ii. 117.]
Jason, the voyage of, [i. 41.]
Jaxartes, its drying up, [i. 29.]
Jerome of Prague, his martyrdom, [ii. 101.]
Jerome, St., denounces Pelagius, [i. 294.]
Translates the Bible into Latin, [i. 306.]
His equivocal encomiums on marriage, [i. 359,] [427.]
Jerusalem, position of, [i. 77.]
Bishops of, [i. 272.]
Church of, [i. 291.]
Fall and pillage of, [i. 328,] [335.]
Capture of, [ii. 22.]
Surrender of, to Frederick II., [ii. 68.]
Jesuits, the Order of, instituted, [ii. 220.]
The extent of their influence, [ii. 221.]
Causes of their suppression, [ii. 222.]
Jewish physicians, their writings, [ii. 120.]
Jewish-Spanish physicians, writings of, [ii. 123.]
Jews, conversion of, [i. 270.]
Are the teachers of the Saracens, [i. 384.]
Their influence on supernaturalism, [ii. 119.]
Medical studies among, [ii. 121.]
Expulsion of, from France, [ii. 126.]
Their geographical knowledge and its results, [ii. 175.]
John, King of England, is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III., [ii. 54.]
John, Pope, died in prison, [i. 353.]
John VIII., Pope, pays tribute to the Mohammedans, [i. 379.]
John XVI., Antipope, cruel and ignominious treatment of, [i. 381.]
John XXII., Pope, the practical character of his policy, [ii. 93.]
John of Damascus takes part in the Iconoclastic dispute, [ii. 59.]
Joshua ben Nun, a professor at Bagdad, [i. 402.]
Journalism is gradually supplanting oratory, [ii. 204.]
Judgment, future, according to the Egyptian theology, [i. 92.]
According to the Koran, [i. 345.]
Right of individual, asserted by Luther, [ii. 209.]
Jugurthine War, [i. 247.]
Julian, Emperor, attempts the restoration of paganism, [i. 311.]
Justinian closes the philosophical schools in Athens, [i. 216.]
His re-conquest of Africa, [i. 327.]
Effect of his wars, [i. 351.]
Conquers Italy, [i. 354.]
Justin Martyr, his illustrations of his idea of the divine ray, [i. 274.]
Kaleidoscope, an optical instrument, [ii. 380.]
Kalid, the "Sword of God," defeats Heraclius at the battle of Aiznadin, [i. 335.]
Kant, his philosophical doctrines, [i. 232.]
Kempis, Thomas à, author of the "Imitation of Christ," [ii. 106.]
Kepler, the effect of the discovery of his laws, [i. 4.]
His work prohibited by the Inquisition, [ii. 263.]
His mode of inquiry, [ii. 266.]
Discovery of his laws, [ii. 267.]
Cause of his laws, [ii. 274.]
Kiersi, Council of, quotation from, [i. 369.]
Kirk's lambs, ferocity of, [ii. 244.]
Koran, passages from the, [i. 331.]
Review of the, [i. 340.]
Labarum, story of, believed, [i. 309.]
Lactantius, his argument against the globular form of the earth, [i. 315.]
"Ladder of Paradise," [ii. 59.]
Langton, Stephen, Magna Charta originates from his suggestion, [ii. 54.]
Languages, modern, their effects, [ii. 192.]
Languedoc, light literature of, [ii. 35.]
Laplace discovers the cause of the irregularity of the moon's motion, [ii. 278.]
On some of the phenomena of the solar system, [ii. 280.]
Lapland, cause of the contentment and inferiority of, [i. 13.]
Lateran Council, second, vests the elective power to the Papacy in the Cardinals, [ii. 15.]
Third, defines the new basis of the Papal system, [ii. 18.]
Fourth, establishes the necessity of auricular confession, [ii. 65.]
Latin, the use of, as a sacred language, required by the Church, [ii. 191.]
Lavaur, massacre of, [ii. 62.]
Law, the world ruled by, [i. 20.]
Succession of affairs determined by, [i. 389.]
Eternity and universality of, [ii. 359.]
Lawyers, their agency first recognized, [ii. 81.]
Their power antagonistic to the ecclesiastical, [ii. 82.]
Their opposition to supernaturalism, [ii. 113.]
Leaning towers, [i. 30.]
Leaves of plants, their action, [ii. 339.]
Legends of Western Saints, [i. 435.]
Legion, Roman, how constructed, [i. 251.]
Leibnitz, his doctrine of the mind, [i. 231.]
His contribution to geology, [ii. 286.]
Leif, the first discoverer of America, [ii. 164.]
Lentulus, spurious letter of, to the Roman senate, [i. 361.]
Leo III., Pope, crowns Charlemagne in St. Peter's, [i. 371.]
Assaulted by the nephews of Adrian, [i. 378.]
Leo the Chazar continues an iconoclastic policy, [i. 419.]
Leo the Great, [i. 352.]
Leo the Isaurian, the founder of a new dynasty at Constantinople, [i. 416.]
Publishes an edict prohibiting the worship of images, [i. 417.]
Leo X., Pope, exposed to obloquy, [ii. 213.]
His character, [ii. 215.]
Is reported to have contracted syphilis, [ii. 232.]
Leontius Pilatus, description of, by Boccaccio, [ii. 194.]
Lesches, poems of, [i. 51.]
Levites, their manner of healing, [i. 400.]
Lewenhoeck discovers spermatozoa, [ii. 286.]
Liberty not appreciated in India,[i. 62.]
Mental when maintained, [ii. 227.]
Libraries, Alexandrian, size of, [i. 188.]
Establishment of, [i. 317.]
Licinius neutralizes the policy of Constantine, [i. 278.]
Life, individual, is of a mixed kind, [i. 2.]
Social, its nature, [i. 2.]
First opinion of savage, [i. 3.]
Variable rapidity of, [i. 18.]
Light, velocity of motion of, [ii. 279,] [298.]
Proves the age of the world, [ii. 298.]
White, [ii. 379.]
Chemical influences of, [ii. 383.]

Limestone deposited from the sea, [ii. 321.]
Lipari, the crater of, supposed to be the opening into hell, [i. 354,] [357.]
Lippershey first constructs a telescope, [ii. 261.]
Lisbon, the great earthquake of, [ii. 302.]
Listening contrasted with reading, [ii. 203.]
Lister, author of a synopsis of shells, [ii. 286.]
Ascertains the continuity of strata, [ii. 286.]
Literary men, their influence, [ii. 150.]
Literature, spread of gay, from Spain, [ii. 60.]
Profligate character of, in England, [ii. 244.]
Lithotomy, new operations for, by the Alexandrian surgeons, [i. 399.]
Livy, writings of, vindictively pursued by Gregory the Great, [i. 357.]
Locke, his theory of the sources of ideas, [i. 231.]
Locomotion, followed by mental development, [ii. 119,] [136.]
Provisions for, show the social condition of a nation, [ii. 239.]
Locomotives, invented by Murdoch, [ii. 387.]
Logic, Aristotle's, [i. 177.]
Character of mediæval, [ii. 111.]
Each age of life has its own, [ii. 192.]
"Logos," Philo's idea of the, [i. 210.]
Justin Martyr's idea of the, [i. 274.]
Lombards, converted at the beginning of the sixth century, [i. 365.]
London, condition of, towards the close of the seventeenth century, [ii. 238.]
Lorenzo de' Medici, his patronage of literature and philosophy, [ii. 195.]
Loretto, miracle of, [ii. 80.]
Louis XIV., his order in council punishing sorcery, [ii. 118.]
Louis, St., his character, [ii. 73.]
Lucius Apuleius, [i. 211.]
Lucretius, the irreligious nature of his poem, [i. 257.]
Luitprand captures Ravenna, [i. 422.]
Luitprand quoted on Constantinople, [ii. 58.]
Luther, experiences of, [ii. 117.]
The revolt of, [ii. 149.]
History of, [ii. 208.]
Excommunication of, [ii. 211.]
Looked upon with contempt by the Italians, [ii. 215.]
Lyceum, Aristotle founds a school in, [i. 176.]
Lyons, Council of, [ii. 71.]
Macaulay, Lord, has taken too limited a view of the Reformation, [ii. 227.]
Macedonian campaign opens a new world to the Greeks, [i. 45.]
Its ruinous effects on Greece, [i. 172.]
Its effect on intellectual progress, [i. 186.]
Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, his heresy, [i. 289.]
Machiavelli, the principles of, [ii. 137.]
His "History of Florence," [ii. 143.]
Machinery, social changes effected by, [ii. 388.]
Magellan, his great voyage, [ii. 169.]
Magic and necromancy, Plotinus resorts to, [i. 214.]
Magic lantern, [ii. 380.]
Magna Charta originates from a suggestion of Stephen Langton, [ii. 54.]
Magnet supposed by Thales to have a living soul, [i. 97.]
Magnetic variation, discovery of the line of, [ii. 163.]
Erroneously supposed by Columbus to be immovable, [ii. 165.]
Magnetism, discoveries in, [ii. 378.]
Maimonides, his life and writings, [ii. 124.]
Malpighi devotes himself to botany, [ii. 286.]
Applies the microscope to anatomy, [ii. 286.]
Man the archetype of society, [i. 2.]
Controlled by physical agents, [i. 10.]
Variations of, [i. 11.]
First form of, according to Anaximander, [i. 107.]
Nature and development of, [i. 233.]
His race connections, [i. 234.]
Apparent position of, on the heliocentric theory, [ii. 337.]
Marco Polo, [ii. 174.]
Marcus Græcus gives the composition of gunpowder, [i. 408.]
Mareotis, Lake, [i. 323.]
Mariner's compass introduced by the Arabs, [ii. 43.]
Marozia, her infamy and cruelty, [i. 380.]
Marriage, compulsory in the time of Augustus, [i. 253.]
Sinfulness of, according to the principles of the monks, [i. 426.]
Marsilio, his work "The Defender of Peace," [ii. 93.]
Marsilius Ficinus, the Platonist, [ii. 193.]
Masué, John, the Nestorian, superintendence of schools entrusted to, by Haroun al Raschid, [i. 392,] [ii. 36.]
Matilda, Countess, aids Gregory VII., [ii. 16.]
Calumniated by the married clergy, [ii. 17.]
Matter, its indestructibility, [ii. 375.]
Maximum of certainty, [i. 236.]
Maximus Tyrius, [i. 259.]
Max Müller on language, [i. 33.]
Mayow on respiration, [ii. 286.]
Mechanical invention, effect of, [ii. 384.]
Medicine, Byzantine, suppression of, [i. 386.]
Origin of Greek, [i. 393.]
Egyptian, [i. 397.]
Alexandrian, [i. 398.]
Mediterranean Sea, its dependencies and extent, [i. 28.]
Propriety of its name, [i. 39.]
Wonders of, [i. 41.]
Trade of, [ii. 158.]
Megaric school, [i. 148.]
Melanchthon, [ii. 211.]
Melissus of Samos, an Eleatic, [i. 123.]
Melloni first polarizes light, [ii. 390.]
Mendicant Orders, establishment of, [ii. 62.]
Menu, institutes of, [i. 63.]
Extract from, [i. 224.]
Metaphysics, Aristotle's, [i. 178.]
Uncertainty of, [ii. 344.]
Meteoric stone, boasted prediction of fall of, [i. 111.]
Mexico, social condition of, [ii. 175.]
Michael the Stammerer, his incredulity and profanity, [i. 420.]
Middle Ages, their condition, [i. 139.]
Migration of birds, [i. 6.]
Milan, Bishop of, excommunicated, [ii. 17.]
Milky way, as explained by the Pythagoreans, [i. 117.]
Mill life, [ii. 388.]
Milton, his "Paradise Lost" a Manichean composition, [ii. 245.]
In favour of the Copernican system, [ii. 260.]
Miracle cure, [i. 386.]
Plays, [ii. 246.]
Missionaries, Irish and British, [i. 366.]
Mithridates, King of Pontus, studies poisons and antidotes, [i. 400.]
Moawiyah, Khalif, sends his lieutenant against Africa, [i. 334.]
Rebuilds the church of Edessa, [i. 338.]
Mœstlin quoted in favour of the Copernican system, [ii. 266.]
Mohammed subject to delusions, [i. 148,] [330.]
History of, [i. 329.]
Mohammed II., [ii. 107.]
Mohammedanism, causes of the spread of, [i. 337.]
Popular, [i. 345.]
Sects of, [i. 347.]
Arrest of, in Western Europe, [ii. 30.]
Literature of, [ii. 34.]
Uniformly patronized physical science, [ii. 121.]
Monasteries, condition of Europe at the suppression of, [ii. 230.]
Monasticism, amelioration of, [i. 431.]
Spread of, from Egypt, [i. 433.]
Monks, African and European,[i. 237.]
Labours and successes of, [i. 365.]
Their origin and history, [i. 424.]
Differences of Eastern and Western, [i. 434.]
Their intellectual influence, [i. 438.]
Monotheism preceded by imperialism, [i. 256.]
Roman, its boundaries, [i. 261.]
Montanus, the pretended Paraclete, [i. 291.]
Moon, variations of, discovered by Aboul Wefa, [i. 325.]
Volcanic action in, [ii. 304.]
Moors boast of an Arab descent, [i. 337.]
Moral plays, [ii. 248.]
Moris, Lake, [i. 96.]
Moslems, their creed, [ii. 37.]
Motion, the three laws of, [ii. 269.]
Muggleton, Lewis, his doctrines, [ii. 239.]
Murdoch invents the locomotive, [ii. 387.]
Musa completes the conquest of Africa, [i. 333.]
Arrested at the head of his army, [i. 369.]
Museum of Alexandria, [i. 187.]
Its studies arranged in four faculties, [i. 397.]
Music, scale of, invented by Guido, [i. 437.]
Mycene, gate of, [i. 32.]
Mythology, Greek, origin of, [i. 37.]
Napier invents and perfects logarithms, [ii. 285.]
Narses, the eunuch, sent by Justinian against Rome, [i. 351.]
Nations, progress of, like that of individuals, [i. 12.]
Secular variations of, [i. 16.]
Death of, [i. 17.]
Are only transitional forms, [i. 17.]
Nearchus, an intimate friend of Alexander the Great, [i. 173.]
Nebulæ, existence of, [ii. 282.]
Nebular hypothesis, [ii. 281.]
Necromancy, Alexandrian, [i. 404.]
Neo-Platonism, its origin imputed to Ammonius Saccas, [i. 211.]
Nervous system, general view of, [ii. 346.]
Three distinct parts of human, [ii. 353.]
Nestorians, their origin, [i. 295.]
Early cultivate medicine, [i. 385.]
Their history and progress, [i. 391.]
New academy founded by Carneades, [i. 169.]
Newspapers, their origin, [ii. 204.]
When first regularly issued in England, [ii. 249.]
Were first issued in Italy, [ii. 390.]
Newton, quotation from "Principia" of, [i. 120.]
Availed himself of the doctrines of Hipparchus, [i. 202.]
Under no obligation to Bacon, [ii. 259.]
Publication of the "Principia" of, [ii. 272.]
His mathematical learning and experimental skill, [ii. 286.]
Niagara Falls furnish proof of time from effect produced, [ii. 305.]
Prove the enormous age of the earth, [ii. 334.]
Nicæa, Council of, summoned by Constantine, [i. 286.]
Second council of, summoned by Irene, [i. 420.]
Nicene Creed, [i. 287.]
Nicholas V. a patron of art, [ii. 110.]
Nicomedia, church of, destroyed, [i. 277.]
Niebuhr, his opinion of the Greek account of the Persian war, [i. 131.]
Nile, inundations of, [i. 86.]
Nirwana, the end of successive existences in the Buddhist doctrine, [i. 71,] [230.]
Nitria, why well adapted for monks, [i. 432.]
Nogaret, William de, the legal adviser of Boniface, [ii. 84.]
Advises King Philip the Fair, [ii. 91.]
Nomades, Asiatic, [i. 29.]
Nominalism, doctrine of, sprang from scholastic philosophy, [ii. 11.]
Norman invasion of England favoured by Pope Gregory VII., [ii. 16.]
Norway, depth of rain in, [i. 25.]
Elevation and depression in level of, [ii. 307.]
Norwegians, diet of, accounted for, [i. 27.]
Novatus the heretic, [i. 284.]
Number the first principle according to the Pythagorean philosophy, [i. 113.]
Numenius, a Trinitarian, [i. 211.]
Numerals, Arabic, derived from the Hindus, [ii. 40.]
Introduced into different countries, [ii. 49.]
Oaks, objects of adoration among the German nations, [i. 241.]
Obelisks, Egyptian, prodigious height of, [i. 76.]
Observatories first introduced into Europe by the Arabs, [ii. 42.]
Ocean, its size, [ii. 371.]
Octave, the grand standard of harmonical relation among the Pythagoreans, [i. 116.]
Oliva, John Peter, his comment on the Apocalypse, [ii. 78.]
Olympian deities, their nature, [i. 50.]
Omar, Khalif, takes Jerusalem, [i. 335.]
His behaviour contrasted with that of the Crusaders, [ii. 22.]
Opinion and Reason, Parmenides's work on, [i. 121.]
Optics, discoveries in, [ii. 379.]
Oratory supplanted by journalism, [ii. 204.]
Orchomenos, ruins of, [i. 32.]
Orders, monastic, rise and progress of, [i. 433.]
Orestes compelled to interfere to stop a riot in Alexandria, [i. 322.]
Organ, the, invented by Sylvester, a Benedictine monk, [i. 437.]
Organisms, permanence of, due to external conditions, [i. 8.]
Control of physical agents over, [i. 9.]
Dates of various, [ii. 321.]
Orpheus, legend of, [i. 37.]
Osiris, daily ceremony before tomb of, [i. 89.]
One of the divinities of the Egyptian theology, [i. 91.]
Site of temple of, given to the church, [i. 319.]
Osporco changes his unseemly name into Sergius, [ii. 143.]
Ostrogoth monarchy overthrown, [i. 351.]
Otho III., Emperor, contemplates a reform in the Church, and is poisoned by Stephania, [ii. 6.]
Otranto taken by the Mohammedans, [ii. 109.]
Otto Guericke, invented the air-pump [ii. 286.]
Oxus, its drying up, [i. 29.]
Pacific Ocean crossed, [ii. 171.]
Paganism, attitude of,[i. 268.]
Death-blow given to, by Theodosius, [i. 312.]
Pagans, accusation of, against the Christians, [i. 301.]
Painting and sculpture, relation of the Church to, [i. 360.]
Palæontology, historical sketch of early, [ii. 314.]
Palatine library burnt by Gregory the Great, [i. 357.]
Pandataria, Sylverius banished to, [i. 354.]
Pantheism, theology of India underlaid with, [i. 59.]
Pantheism, theology of India underlaid with, [i. 59.]
Adopted by Parmenides, [i. 121.]
Greek, [i. 223.]
Papacy, history of, [i. 290.]
Consolidation of its power in the West, [i. 362.]
Signal peculiarity of, [i. 378.]
Human origin of, [i. 382.]
Paper, invention of, [ii. 200.]
Pappus, an Alexandrian geometrician, [i. 204.]
Parabolani diverted from their original intent by Cyril, [i. 321,] [386.]
"Paraclete," doctrines of faith discussed in the, [ii. 10.]
Paradise spoken of with clearness by Mohammed, [i. 345.]
Parliament, its accusation against the clergy, [ii. 235.]
Parma, John of, the General of the Franciscans, [ii. 77.]
Parmenides, doctrines of, [i. 121.]
Pascal, his views of humanity, [i. 18.]
The influence of his writings, [ii. 285.]
Path-zone, [i. 24.]
Patristicism, introduction of, [i. 314.]
Doctrines of, [i. 315.]
Conflict of, with philosophy, [i. 316.]
Decline of, [ii. 129.]
End of geography of, [ii. 164.]
Ethnical ideas of, [ii. 165.]
End of, [ii. 225.]
Paulus Æmilius, his severity, [i. 249.]
Pausanias, [i. 131.]
Pelagian controversy, its effect on Papal superiority, [i. 293.]
Pelagius, his doctrines, [i. 293,] [366.]
Penances, the Veda doctrine of, [i. 61.]
Pendulum first applied to clocks by the Moors, [ii. 42.]
Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, [i. 370.]
Pergamus, library of, transferred to Egypt, [i. 318.]
Pericles embraces obnoxious opinions, [i. 50.]
His the age of improvement in architecture and oratory, [i. 132.]
Perictione, the reputed mother of Plato, [i. 151.]
Periodicities, human cause of, [i. 7.]
Peripatetics, their philosophy, [i. 178.]
Persecutions, moral effects of, [ii. 225.]
Persepolis, burning of by Alexander the Great, [i. 174.]
Perses, revolt of, [i. 246.]
Persia, Greek invasion of, [i. 171.]
Subdued by Othman III., [i. 335.]
Persian invasion of Europe, [i. 130.]
Attack on the Byzantine system, [i. 326.]
Personified forms introduced, [i. 37.]
Perturbations, astronomical, accounted for, [ii. 274.]
Peru, its coast, a rainless district, [i. 86.]
A description of, [ii. 179.]
Peter d'Apono, the alchemist, the wonders imputed to him, [ii. 116.]
Peter de Brueys, his martyrdom, [ii. 60.]
Peter Morrone becomes Celestine V., [i. 79.]
Peter the Hermit, [ii. 22,] [135.]
Peter the Venerable, his acquirements, [ii. 12.]
Peter's pence, [ii. 54.]
Petrarch, his opinion of Avignon, [ii. 95.]
His zeal for learning, [ii. 194.]
Pharaoh Necho, his ships first double the Cape of Good Hope, [ii. 167.]
Philadelphus Ptolemy, [i. 189.]
Philæ, mysterious temple of, [i. 89.]
Philip the Fair protects the Colonnas, [ii. 81.]
Philiston, a writer on regimen, [i. 397.]
Philo of Larissa, founder of the fifth academy, [i. 170.]
Philo the Jew thinks he is inspired, [i. 209.]
Compares the mind to the eye, [i. 234.]
Philosopher's stone, [i. 407.]
Philosophers, persecution of, [i. 311.]
The revolt of, [ii. 149.]
Philosophical criticism, effect of, [i. 46.]
Schools, Indian, [i. 65.]
Philosophical principles, application of, [i. 237.]
Philosophy, peripatetic, [i. 178.]
Greek, end and summary of, [i. 217.]
Greek and Indian, the analogy between, [i. 236.]
Reappearance of, [ii. 3.]
Phlogiston, theory of, [ii. 374.]
Phocæans built Marseilles, [i. 46.]
Phœnicians, enterprise of, [i. 45.]
Phosphorus discovered by Achild Bechil, [i. 410.]
Photius, his two works, [ii. 59.]
Photography, [ii. 383.]
Physical instruments, improvements in, [ii. 384.]
Physicians, classes of, [i. 397.]
Jewish, [i. 400.]
Oppose supernaturalism, [ii. 113.]
Are disliked by the Church, [ii. 121.]
Physics of Zeno, [i. 183.]
Physiology, its phases the same as those of physics, [i. 5.]
Of Plato, [i. 156.]
Of Aristotle, [i. 180.]
Piccolomini lays the foundation of general anatomy, [ii. 285.]
Pietro de Vinea undertakes to poison Frederick II., [ii. 72.]
Pinzons of Palos assist Columbus, [ii. 161.]
Pisa, Council of, deposes the rival Popes, [ii. 97.]
The first botanical gardens established at, [ii. 390.]
Plagues, mortality of ancient, [i. 250.]
Plants, effect of seasons on, [i. 6.]
Their dependence on the air, [i. 102,] [ii. 339.]
Platæa, fabulous number slain at battle of, [i. 130.]
Plater first classified diseases, [ii. 285.]
Plato, his profound knowledge of human nature, [i. 53.]
His doctrines, [i. 152.]
Platonism, Plutarch leans to, [i. 210.]
Reappearance of, in Europe, [ii. 193.]
Plays, miracle, moral, real, [ii. 246.]
Pleiades, a nickname given to seven Alexandrian poets, [i. 201.]
Plotinus, writings of, [i. 212,] [404.]
Plutarch leans to platonizing Orientalism, [i. 210.]
Poggio Bracciolini quoted, [ii. 101.]
Polarization of light lends support to the undulatory theory, [ii. 382.]
Pole star, [ii. 305.]
Polycrates, Bishop of Ephesus, opposes Victor, Bishop of Rome, [i. 291.]
Polygamy, institution of, [i. 331.]
Secured the conquest of Africa, [i. 334.]
Its influence in consolidating the conquests of Mohammedanism, [i. 338.]
Polytheism, its antagonism to science, [i. 49.]
Slowness of its decline, [i. 52.]
Pontifical power sustained by physical force, [i. 300.]
Popes, biography of, from A.D. 757, [i. 378.]
Had no faith in the result of the Crusades, [ii. 23.]
Porphyry, his writings, [i. 214,] [404.]
Porsenna takes Rome, [i. 244.]
Posidonius, [i. 232.]
Praxagoras wrote on the pulse, [i. 397.]
Pre-existence, Plato's notion of, [i. 160.]
Press, liberty of, secured, [ii. 250.]
"Principia," Newton's, quotation from, [i. 120.]
Publication of, [ii. 272.]
Its incomparable merit, [ii. 275.]
Printing, invention of, [ii. 198.]
Effects of, [ii. 200.]
Problems of Greek philosophy, [i. 217.]
Proclus burns Vitalian's ships, [i. 215.]
His theology, [i. 215.]
Procopius, the historian, secretary to Belisarius, [ii. 58.]
Profatius, a Jew, appointed regent of the faculty of Montpellier, [ii. 125.]
Prosper Alpinus writes on diagnosis, [ii. 285.]
Protestant, origin of the name, [ii. 211.]
Provincial letters of Pascal, influence of, [ii. 286.]
Psammetichus overthrows the ancient policy of Egypt, [i. 75.]

"Psammites," a work of Archimedes,[i. 195.]
Psychology, origin of, [i. 101.]
Solution of questions of, [ii. 344.]
Ptolemies, political position of, [i. 186.]
Biography of, [i. 200.]
Ptolemy, his "Syntaxis," [i. 203.]
Puffendorf, author of the "Law of Nature and Nations," [ii. 286.]
Pulpit, influence of, affected by the press, [ii. 201.]
Decline of eloquence of, [ii. 203.]
Its relation to the drama, [ii. 249.]
State of, an index of the mental condition of a nation, [ii. 249.]
Punic wars, results of, [i. 245.]
Puranas, [i. 65.]
Pyramids of Egypt, size of, [i. 75.]
The Great, its antiquity and wonders, [i. 81.]
What they have witnessed, [i. 84.]
Their testimony unreliable as to the age of the world, [ii. 327.]
Pyrrho, the founder of the Sceptics, [i. 164.]
Pyrrhus, the Epirot, [i. 244.]
Pythagoras, biography of, [i. 111.]
The service he rendered us, [i. 230.]
Quintus Sextius, [i. 258.]
Quipus, a Peruvian instrument for enumeration, [ii. 185.]
Quito, why it was regarded as a holy place, [ii. 185.]
Rab, a Jewish anatomist, [i. 400.]
Rabanus, a Benedictine monk, sets up a school in Germany, [i. 437.]
Rabbis cultivate medicine, [ii. 122.]
Radbert, his views on transubstantiation, [ii. 10.]
Railways, [ii. 387.]
Rain, quantity of in Europe, [i. 25.]
Maximum points of, [i. 25.]
Rainless countries, agriculture in, [i. 85.]
Of the West, [i. 86.]
Peru one, [ii. 180.]
Rainy days, number of, [i. 26.]
Influence of, [i. 27.]
Rameses II., his policy, [i. 78.]
Raschi, his varied acquirements, [ii. 123.]
Ravenna, Gerbert appointed Archbishop of, [ii. 6.]
Ray leads the way to comparative anatomy, [ii. 286.]
Raymond Lully, said to have been compelled to make gold for Edward II., [ii. 155.]
Raymond de Pennaforte compiles a list of decretals, [ii. 70.]
Reading, its advantage over listening, [ii. 203.]
Realism, its origin, [ii. 11.]
Reason, Algazzali's doctrine of the fallibility of, [ii. 51.]
Reductio ad absurdum introduced by Zeno, [i. 122.]
Reflection, Democritus's view of, [i. 125.]
Reflex action, [ii. 348.]
Reformation attempted in Greece, [i. 50.]
Influences leading to, [ii. 190.]
Dawn of the, [ii. 204.]
In Switzerland, [ii. 210.]
Organization of, [ii. 211.]
In Italy, [ii. 212.]
Arrest of, [ii. 214.]
Counter, [ii. 219.]
Culmination of, in America, [ii. 226.]
Relics, age of, [i. 51.]
Worship of, [i. 414.]
Reminiscence, Plato's doctrine of, [i. 153.]
Republic of Plato, [i. 159.]
Revolution, French, [ii. 150.]
Rhacotis, Alexandria erected on the site of, [i. 192.]
Rhazes discovers sulphuric acid, [i. 410.]
Rhazes, a Moorish writer on botany, [ii. 39.]
Rheims, Gerbert appointed Archbishop of, [ii. 5.]
Rhodes raised from the sea, [i. 30.]
Rhodians, maritime code of, [i. 45.]
Richard I. of England treacherously imprisoned, [ii. 25.]
His treatment by Saladin contrasted with that he received from a Christian prince, [ii. 136.]
Rienzi, a demagogue, [ii. 95.]
Rig Veda, asserted to have been revealed by Brahma, [i. 58.]
"Robber Synod," the council of Ephesus, [i. 297.]
Roderic, King of the Goths, [ii. 28.]
Roderigo de Triana, the first of Columbus's crew to descry land, [ii. 163.]
Roman power, influence of, [i. 52.]
Christianity, influence of, on the people, [i. 241.]
History, importance of, [i. 242.]
Power, triple form of, [i. 243.]
First theocracy and legends, [i. 243.]
History, early, [i. 243.]
Slave laws, atrocity of, [i. 249.]
Slave system, social effects of, [i. 249.]
Depravity, [i. 252.]
Women, their dissoluteness, [i. 253.]
Ethnical element disappears, [i. 255.]
Conquest, effects of, [i. 256.]
Rome, cause of permanence of, [i. 11.]
Unpitying tyranny of, [i. 267.]
Fall and sack of, by Alaric, [i. 300.]
Fall and pillage of, by the Vandals, [i. 350.]
Progress of, to Papal supremacy, [i. 352.]
Relations of, to Constantinople, [i. 353.]
Three pressures upon, [ii. 1.]
Pillaged, sacked, and fired by Henry, [ii. 20.]
Immoralities of, brought to light by the Crusades, [ii. 136.]
Its geological peculiarities, [ii. 307.]
Römer, his estimate of the velocity of light confirmed, [ii. 299.]
Roscelin of Compiègne, an early advocate of Nominalism, [ii. 11.]
Ruysch improves minute anatomy, [ii. 286.]
Sacramentarians, separate from the Lutherans, [ii. 211.]
Sahara Desert affects the distribution of heat in Europe, [i. 24.]
Saladin retakes Jerusalem, [ii. 25.]
His noble behaviour to Richard I., [ii. 136.]
Salamanca, Columbus confuted by the Council of, [ii. 161.]
Council of, its reply when urged to teach physical science, [ii. 278.]
Sampson, Agnes, burnt for witchcraft, [ii. 117.]
Samuel, an accomplished Jewish physician, [i. 400.]
Sanctorio lays the foundation of modern physiology, [ii. 285.]
Invents the thermometer, [ii. 390.]
Sanscrit vocabulary, [i. 33.]
Saracens, their policy, [i. 336.]
Cause of their check in the conquest of France, [i. 369.]
Are taught by the Nestorians and Jews, [i. 384.]
They dominate in the Mediterranean, [i. 422.]
Their chemistry, medicine, and surgery, [ii. 39.]
Their philosophy, [ii. 49.]
Early cultivators of astronomy, [ii. 133.]
Sardica, Council of, [i. 292.]
Satan, notion of, had become debased, [i. 414.]
Sautree, William, the first English martyr, [ii. 99.]
Saviour, in Koran never called Son of God, [i. 342.]
Model of, eventually received, [i. 361.]
Scandinavian geological motion, [i. 30.]
Discovery of America, [ii. 164,] [175.]
Sceptics, rise of, [i. 163.]
Schism, causes of the great, [ii. 96.]
Scholastic philosophy, rise of, [ii. 11.]
Theology, rise of, [ii. 12.]
Schools, philosophical Greek, merely points of reunion, [i. 112.]
The Megaric, Cyrenaic, and Cynical, [i. 148.]
Science, Alexandrian, suppressed, [i. 325.]
Sculpture, relation of Church to, [i. 360.]
Sea of Azof, a dependency of the Mediterranean, [i. 28.]
Seasons, effect of, on animals and plants, [i. 6.]
Sebastian de Elcano, the Lieutenant of Magellan, [ii. 173.]
Secular geological movement of Europe and Asia, [i. 29.]
Inequalities of satellites, [ii. 277.]
Semicircular canals, their function, [i. 5.]
Seneca, the influence of his writings accounted for, [i. 258.]
Sens, Council of, report of, to Rome, [ii. 11.]
Sensation, Democritus confounds it with thought, [i. 125.]
Senses, Algazzali's doctrine of the fallibility of, [ii. 50.]
Septuagint Bible, the translators of, entertained by Ptolemy Philadelphus, [i. 190.]
Serapion, causes of its umbrage to Archbishop Theophilus, [i. 318.]
Destruction of, [i. 319.]
Serapis, establishment of the worship of, [i. 187.]
Description of the temple of, [i. 318.]
Statue of, destroyed, [i. 319.]
Temple of, used for a hospital, [i. 399.]
Servetus, the burning of, by Calvin, [ii. 226.]
Almost detected the circulation of the blood, [ii. 285.]
Servile rebellion in Sicily, [i. 247.]
Seville, tower of, an observatory built by the Arabs, [ii. 42.]
Shakespeare, quotation from, [i. 207.]
His position with regard to English literature, [ii. 249.]
Shepherds, the, their exertions in behalf of King Louis, [ii. 76.]
Shiites, one of the seventy-three Mohammedan sects, [i. 347.]
Sigismund, Emperor, his treacherous conduct to John Huss, [ii. 101.]
Silver, its comparative value in Rome, [i. 251.]
Simon Magus, an Oriental magician, wonders related of, [ii. 114.]
Simony, organization of, [ii. 97.]
Sirius, its supposed influence on the waters of the Nile, [i. 90.]
Slave system, Roman, [i. 249.]
Slavery under Charlemagne, [i. 373.]
Recognized in certain cases in Mexico, [ii. 176.]
Slavians converted by Greek missionaries, [i. 367.]
Smyrna, Erasistratus established a school there, [i. 399.]
Snow, distribution of, in Europe, [i. 26.]
Snowy days, number of, at various places, [i. 26.]
Social war, important results of, [i. 247.]
Eminence, no preservative from social delusion, [ii. 117.]
Society, the intellectual class the true representative of a community, [i. 13.]
Sociology, comparative, [ii. 359.]
Socrates, Aristophanes excites the people against, [i. 47.]
His mode of teaching, and his doctrines, [i. 143.]
Character of, in Athens, [i. 146.]
"The Mad," [i. 150.]
Solar system proves the existence of law, [i. 4.]
Soliman the Magnificent takes Belgrade, [ii. 109.]
Sonnites, one of the seventy-three Mohammedan sects, [i. 347.]
Sopater accused of magic, and decapitated, [i. 310.]
Sophists, their doctrines, [i. 135.]
Their influence, [i. 220.]
Sorcery, intermingling of magic and, [i. 402.]
Introduction of European, [ii. 115.]
Soul, Indian ideas of the, [i. 60.]
Purification of, [i. 61.]
Diogenes' opinion of that of the world, [i. 99.]
Plato's doctrine of the triple constitution of, [i. 156.]
Greek problem as to the nature of, [i. 218.]
As to the immortality and absorption of, [i. 228.]
The human, [ii. 365.]
Sound, nature and properties of, [ii. 369.]
Spain, Roman annexation of, [i. 247.]
Arab invasion of, [ii. 28.]
Literature of, [ii. 35.]
Crime of, [ii. 166.]
Sparta, Lycurgus abolished private property in, [i. 129.]
Spartacus, the gladiator, [i. 248.]
Species, Cuvier's doctrine of the permanence of, [ii. 326.]
Opposition to the doctrine of transmutation of, [ii. 328.]
Specific gravity, Alhazen's tables of, clearly approach our own, [ii. 48.]
Sphærus, the Stoic, fraud practised on, [i. 189.]
Spheres, music of, a belief entertained by the Pythagoreans, [i. 116.]
Sphinxes, one of the wonders of ancient Egypt, [i. 76.]
Spinal cord, its separate and conjoint action, [ii. 352.]
Spires, first Diet of, [ii. 210.]
Spirit, in chemistry, had at first a literal meaning, [i. 405.]
Spiritualists, their devout regard for the "Everlasting Gospel," [ii. 78.]
Spontaneous generation, Anaximander's doctrine of, [i. 107.]
Anaxagoras's doctrine of, [i. 109.]
Stage, state of, an index of the mental condition of a nation, [ii. 249.]
Stancari first counted the vibrations of a string emitting musical notes, [ii. 390.]
Stars, multiple, [i. 4.]
Coloured light of double, [ii. 277.]
Our cluster of, how divided, [ii. 280.]
Star-worship, fetichism displaced by, [i. 3.]
The philosophy of, [i. 90.]
Steam-engine first invented by Hero, [i. 205,] [387.]
The nature of Watt's improvement in, [ii. 385.]
Steno first recognizes the twofold division of rocks, [ii. 315.]
Stephania, wife of Crescentius, poisons Otho III., [ii. 7.]
Stephanus, a grammarian of Constantinople, [ii. 58.]
Stephen II., Pope, consecrates Pepin and his family, [i. 370.]
Stephen III., Pope, urges Charlemagne against the Lombards, [i. 371.]
Stephenson, George, his improvement in the locomotive, and its results, [ii. 387.]
Stercorists, their doctrines, [ii. 10.]
Stereoscope, an optical instrument, [ii. 380.]
Stevinus, his mechanical works, [ii. 269.]
Revives correct views of the mechanical properties of water, [ii. 372.]
Stigmata, marks miraculously impressed on the body of St. Francis, [ii. 64.]
Stilicho, a Goth, compels Alaric to retreat, and Rhadogast to surrender, [i. 300.]
Is murdered by the Emperor, his master, [i. 300.]
Stoicism, its intention, [i. 183.]
Stoics, exoteric philosophy of, [i. 184.]
Struve, his estimate of the velocity of light, [ii. 299.]
Stylites, St. Simeon, an aerial martyr of the fifth century, [i. 426.]
Success too often the criterion of right, [i. 332.]
Sun, agency of, [i. 103.]
Aristarchus's attempts to ascertain the distance of, [i. 199.]
The source of force, [ii. 339.]
Influence of, on organic and inorganic nature, [ii. 362.]
Sun-dials, invention of, wrongfully ascribed to Anaximander, [i. 107.]
Supererogation, the theory of, [ii. 207.]
Supernatural appearances, cause of, [i. 428.]
Supernaturalism, its adoption by the age of faith, [ii. 112.]
Overthrow of, in France, [ii. 126.]
Superstitions, disappearance of, [i. 255.]
Swammerdam applies dissection to the natural history of insects, [ii. 286.]
Sweden, change of level in, [ii. 307.]
Sybaris, a luxurious Italiot city, [i. 128.]
Sylverius, Pope, deposed by the Emperor's wife, Theodora, [i. 354.]
Sylvester, a Benedictine monk, invents the organ, [i. 437.]
Sylvester II., Pope, is believed to have made a speaking head, [ii. 115.]
Symmachus, Senator, falls a victim to the wrath of Theodoric, the Gothic king, [i. 353.]
"Syntaxis," the great work of Ptolemy, [i. 203.]
Syphilis, moral state of Europe indicated by the spread of, [ii. 231.]
Syria, importance of conquest of, to the Arabs, [i. 335.]
Tacitus, his testimony to the depraved state of Roman morality, [i. 254.]
Tarasius created Patriarch by Irene, [i. 420.]
Tarik lands at Gibraltar, so called in memory of his name, [ii. 29.]
Tartars, why they prefer a milk diet, [i. 27.]
Tartarus, one of the two divisions of hell, according to Anaximenes, [i. 36.]
Taxation, amount of Roman, [i. 251.]
Taylor, Jeremy, his testimony as to the authority of the Fathers, [ii. 225.]
Telescope, invention of, [ii. 261,] [380.]
Temperature, life can only be maintained within a narrow range, [i. 7.]
Templars, apostasy, arrest, and punishment of, [ii. 90,] [91,] [92.]
Tensons, or poetic disputations, originated among the Arabs, [ii. 34.]
Tertullian, his letter to Scapula, [i. 275.]
Denounces the Bishop of Rome as a heretic, [i. 291.]
Denies the Scripture authority for certain observances, [i. 358.]
His impression of the personal appearance of the Saviour, [i. 361.]
Testimony, human, value of, [ii. 119.]
Tetractys, the number "ten," why so called, [i. 114.]
Tezcuco, description of, [ii. 178.]
Thabor, mysterious light of, [ii. 59.]
Thales, philosophy of, [i. 95.]
Thaumasius, the name of Ammonius changed to, [i. 322.]
Theatre, the English, [ii. 245.]
Thebit Ben Corrah determines the length of the year, [ii. 41.]
Theodora, Empress, restores image-worship, [i. 421.]
Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, effect of the conquest of Italy by, [i. 353.]
The change in his policy, [i. 353.]
Theodorus, Bishop his tongue cut out, [i. 378.]
Theodosius, Emperor, fanaticism of, [i. 312.]
His cruel vengeance at Thessalonica, [i. 313.]
His acts, [i. 317.]
Orders the Serapion to be torn down, [i. 319.]
Theodosius, an Alexandrian geometrician, [i. 204.]
Theon, an Alexandrian geometrician, and father of Hypatia, [i. 204,] [322.]
Theophilus, Archbishop of Alexandria, his character, [i. 317.]
Cause of his umbrage at the Serapion, [i. 318.]
Persecutions of, [i. 319.]
Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, first introduced the word "Trinity," [i. 273.]
Theophilus, Emperor, image-worship restored at his death, [i. 421.]
His surly and insolent reply to Almaimon, [ii. 40.]
Theosis, its meaning as employed by John Erigena, [ii. 9.]
Therapeutæ, early Egyptian hermits, [i. 424.]
Thermotics, science of heat, [ii. 383.]
Thessalonica, massacre at, [i. 313.]
Thomas à Kempis, the reputed author of "The Imitation of Christ," [ii. 196.]
Thought, confounded with sensation by Democritus, [i. 125.]
Variation of human, [ii. 205.]
Thucydides, his secret disbelief of the Trojan war, [i. 49.]
Thuringians converted in the seventh and eighth centuries, [i. 365.]
Tides and currents explained on the theory of gravitation, [ii. 371.]
Time, nothing absolute in, [i. 17.]
Torricelli, weight of atmosphere understood before, [ii. 47.]
Hydrostatics created by, [ii. 285.]
Constructs the barometer, and demonstrates the pressure of the air, [ii. 390.]
Toscanelli, a Florentine astronomer, and friend of Columbus, [ii. 160.]
Constructs his gnomon in the Cathedral of Florence, [ii. 255.]
Tours, battle of, [i. 368.]
Trade-wind, under the dominion of law, [i. 4.]
Transformation, the world is undergoing unceasing, [i. 59.]
Transitional forms, nature of, [i. 12.]
Transmigration of souls, the Veda doctrine of, [i. 61.]
The Buddhist doctrine of, [i. 71.]
The Pythagorean doctrine of, does not imply the absolute immortality of the soul, [i. 117.]
Plato's doctrine of, [i. 156.]
Transmission, hereditary, nature of, [ii. 333.]
Transmutation of metals, [i. 406.]
Transmutation of species, doctrine of, has met with opposition, [ii. 328.]
Transubstantiation, a twin-sister of transmutation, [i. 407.]
The doctrine of, first attacked by the new philosophers, [ii. 9.]
The Italian doctrine of, rejected by the German and Swiss reformers, [ii. 210.]
Tribonian suspected of being an atheist, [i. 359.]
Trinitarian disputes had their starting point in Alexandria, [i. 191.]
Trinity, the Indian doctrine of, [i. 64.]
The Egyptian doctrine of, [i. 91.]
Is assumed in the doctrine of Numenius, [i. 211.]
The word does not occur in the Scriptures, [i. 273.]
Triumvirate, the First, usurps the power of the senate and people, [i. 248.]
Trojan war, various views entertained about, [i. 50.]
Horse, superstitious notions of the tools with which it was made, [i. 51.]
Troubadours use the Langue d'Oc in the north of France, [ii. 60.]
Trouvères use the Langue d'Oil in the south of France, [ii. 60.]
Tupac Yupanqui, Inca, quoted, [ii. 183.]
Turkish invasion, effect of, [ii. 110.]
Turks, their origin and progress, [ii. 105.]
Tutching, his severe and prolonged punishment, [ii. 244.]
Tycho makes a new catalogue of the stars, [ii. 284.]
Tympanum, its function, [i. 5.]
Types, Platonic, [i. 152.]
Tyre, fall of, [i. 80.]
Tyrians, their enterprise, [i. 45.]
Ulphilas invents an alphabet for the Goths, [i. 307.]
"Unam Sanctam," the bull of, issued by Pope Boniface, [ii. 83.]
Under-world, primitive notions respecting, [i. 39.]
Undulatory theory of light, [ii. 381.]
Uniformity, doctrine of, [ii. 323.]
Unity of mankind, [i. 10.]
Religious, implies tyranny to the individual, [ii. 227.]
Universe, unchangeability of, taught by Anaxagoras, [i. 108.]
Its magnitude, [ii. 292,] [335.]
Unreliability of sense, Zeno's illustration of, [i. 123.]
Urban II. institutes the Crusades, [ii. 20.]
Urban VI., his cruelty to his cardinals and bishops, [ii. 96.]
Valentinian issues an edict denouncing the contumacy of Hilary, [i. 300.]
Is a Nicenist, [i. 311.]
Valerius, Count, the Pelagian question settled through his influence, [i. 294.]
Vallisneri, an Italian geologist of the eighteenth century, [ii. 315.]
Vandal attack, [i. 327.]
Vandals converted in the fourth century, [i. 365.]
Van Helmont introduced the theory of vitality into medicine, [ii. 285.]
Variation of organic forms, [i. 8.]
Man not exempt from law of, [i. 10.]
Human, best seen when examined on a line of the meridian, [i. 11.]
The political result of human, [i. 11.]
Varolius, a distinguished anatomist, [ii. 284.]

Varro, Terentius, his scepticism, [i. 257.]
Vasco de Gama doubles the Cape of Good Hope, [ii. 167.]
Vatican library founded by Nicholas V., [ii. 111.]
Vedaism, the adoration of nature, its doctrines, [i. 58.]
Its changes, [i. 64.]
Vedic doctrines, minor, [i. 62.]
Venice, commercial rivalry between Genoa and, [ii. 158.]
Takes the lead in the publication of books, [ii. 199.]
Venus, light of the planet, [ii. 304.]
Verona, Fracaster wrote on the petrifactions found at, [ii. 315.]
The first geological museum established at, [ii. 390.]
Vesicles, nerve, structure and functions of, [ii. 347.]
Victor, Bishop of Rome, requires the Asiatic bishops to conform to his view respecting Easter, [i. 291.]
Victor III. denounces the life of Pope Benedict IX. as foul and execrable, [i. 381.]
Vienne, Council of, [ii. 89.]
Vieta improves algebra, and applies it to geometry, [ii. 284.]
Vigilius purchases the Papacy for two hundred pounds of gold, [i. 354.]
Vinci, Leonardo da, his contributions to science, [ii. 268.]
First asserts the true nature of fossil remains, [ii. 314,] [390.]
Compares the action of the eye to that of a camera obscura, [ii. 380.]
Virgin Mary, worship of, [i. 296.]
Various art types of the, [i. 361.]
Visconti, Barnabas, irreverence of, [ii. 95.]
Visigoths, spread of, through Greece, Spain, Italy, [i. 300.]
Vision, correct ideas respecting, [ii. 380.]
Vitello publishes a treatise on optics in the sixteenth century, [ii. 255.]
Vocabulary, Indo-Germanic, [i. 32.]
Volcanoes, [ii. 301.]
Volta, indebtedness of chemistry to, [ii. 391.]
Voltaic electricity, [ii. 377.]
Voyages, minor, [ii. 174.]
Vulgate becomes the ecclesiastical authority of the West, [i. 306.]
Jealous fears of Rome respecting depreciation of the authority of, [ii. 195.]
Wales, South, thickness of coal-bearing strata in, [ii. 308.]
Walter the Penniless, one of the first Crusaders, [ii. 22.]
War, effect of, on the low Arab class, [i. 339.]
Moral state of Europe indicated by the usages of war, [ii. 232.]
War system, Roman, [i. 250.]
Water, importance of, in Egypt, [i. 96.]
The curious treatise of Zosimus on the virtues and composition of, [i. 408.]
Physical and chemical relation of, [ii. 372.]
Watt, James, has revolutionized the industry of the world, [i. 387.]
His discovery of the constitution of water, [ii. 340.]
His invention of the steam-engine, [ii. 385.]
Week, origin of the, [i. 403.]
Weeping statues, held in superstitious veneration by the vulgar, [i. 51.]
Western Empire becomes extinct, [i. 351.]
Westphalia, Peace of, the culmination of the Reformation, [ii. 212.]
Whewell, his testimony to the incomparable merit of Newton's "Principia," [ii. 275.]
Wickliffe translates the Bible, [ii. 99.]
The revolt of, [ii. 148.]
William of Champeaux opens a school of logic in Paris, [ii. 14.]
William, Lord of Montpellier, his edict respecting the practice of medicine, [ii. 123.]
William de Nogaret assists King Philip against Pope Boniface II., [ii. 84.]
Also against the Templars, [ii. 91.]
William de Plaisian prefers a long list of charges against Pope Boniface, [ii. 84.]
Willis, his researches on the brain and nervous system, [ii. 286.]
Winking pictures held in superstitious veneration by the vulgar, [i. 51.]
Witchcraft, introduction of European, [ii. 115.]
Women, condition of, in India, [i. 63.]
"Sub-introduced," [i. 359.]
Exerted extraordinary influence in the conversion of Europe, [i. 365.]
Woodward improves mineralogy, [ii. 286.]
World, to determine the origin and manner of production of, the first object of Greek philosophy, [i. 217.]
Hindu doctrine of the absorption of, [i. 226.]
Moral, is governed by principles analogous to those which obtain in the physical, [i. 348.]
Expected end of, [i. 377.]
Anthropocentric ideas of the beginning of, [ii. 297.]
Worlds, infinity of; [ii. 292.]
Succession of, [ii. 336.]
Worms, synod of, [ii. 18.]
Xantippe, the wife of Socrates, her character unfairly judged of, [i. 147.]
Xenophanes, the representative of a great philosophical advance, [i. 118.]
Xerxes, his exploits exaggerated, [i. 130.]
Ximenes, Cardinal, burns Arabic manuscripts, [ii. 177.]
Year, length of, determined by Albategnius and Thebit Ben Corrah, [ii. 41.]
Yezed, Khalif, origin of Iconoclasm imputed to, [i. 417.]
Yolinda de Lusignan, Frederick compelled to marry her by Honorius III., [ii. 67.]
York, Archbishop of, excommunicated, [ii. 75.]
Yucay, the site of the national palace of Peru, [ii. 182.]
Zachary, Pope, enters into an alliance with King Pepin, [i. 370.]
Zaryab, the musician, honour paid him by the Khalif Abderrahman, [ii. 34.]
Zedekias, physician to Charles the Bald, fabulous story of, [ii. 120.]
Zehra, splendour and magnificence of the palace and gardens of, [ii. 32.]
Zemzen, a well, one of the fictions of popular Mohammedanism, [i. 345.]
Zeno the Eleatic, the doctrines of Parmenides carried out by, [i. 122.]
Zeno the Stoic, rival of Epicurus, [i. 182.]
Ziska, John, desecration of the body of, [ii. 149.]
Zosimus, Pope, annuls the decision of Innocent I., and declares the opinion of Pelagius to be orthodox, [i. 294.]
Zosmus the Panopolitan, describes the process of distillation, [i. 408.]
Zuinglius, the leader of the Swiss Reformation, [ii. 210.]

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