[The sole rights of translation in English remain with Scott, Greenwood & Son.]

Printed in Great Britain by
Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
PARIS GARDEN, STAMFORD ST., S.E. 1,
AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

PREFACE

Originally issued as a volume of the series on pigments and colouring matters by the present author’s father, the necessity for a new edition afforded a welcome opportunity of revising “Earth Colours.” Although, in the nature of things, little progress has been made in this subject itself, there was a good deal to add in connection with the mechanical appliances for treating the colour earths and manufacturing them into pigments. In other respects, too, the work has been carefully gone through and brought up to date, with new and additional illustrations.

The author desires to express his thanks to the various firms who have afforded him assistance in his task by furnishing illustrations and descriptions of new machinery, together with other information. It is hoped that this third edition will meet the approval of those interested in the subject; and the author will be glad to receive supplementary information to render the work more complete in the event of a future edition being found advisable.

Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bersch.

1918.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
PAGE
Introductory [1]
CHAPTER II
The Raw Materials for Earth Colours [8]
(A) White Raw Materials and Pigmentary Earths [11]
Limestone (Calcite, Limestone, Chalk) [11]
Gypsum (Alabaster) [18]
Barytes, or Heavy Spar [19]
Talc, Soapstone, Steatite [20]
Clay [21]
(B) Yellow Earths [23]
Brown Ironstone [23]
Ochre [25]
Yellow Earth [26]
Terra di Siena [27]
(C) The Red Earths [27]
Red Ironstone [28]
Bole [31]
Alum Sludge [32]
Mine Sludge [32]
(D) Blue Earths [33]
Azurite, or Ultramarine [33]
Vivianite [33]
(E) Green Earth Pigments [34]
Green Earth [34]
Malachite [35]
(F) Brown Earth Pigments [36]
Umber [36]
Asphaltum [37]
(G) Black Earth [38]
Black Schist [38]
Graphite [38]
CHAPTER III
The Preparation of the Colour Earths [40]
Crushing Machinery [43]
Crushing and Sifting [77]
Calcining [81]
Mixing and Improving [81]
Moulding [85]
CHAPTER IV
White Earth Colours [87]
Caustic Lime [87]
Pearl White [94]
Vienna White [95]
Chalk [98]
Precipitated Chalk [107]
Calcareous Marl [110]
Gypsum [111]
Kaolin, Pipeclay [112]
Barytes, or Heavy Spar [119]
Carbonate of Magnesia [123]
Talc [124]
Steatite or Soapstone [125]
CHAPTER V
Yellow Earth Colours [127]
The Ochres [128]
Calcining (Burning) Ochre [132]
Ochres from Various Deposits [136]
Artificial Ochres [138]
Ochres as By-products [146]
CHAPTER VI
Red Earth Colours [151]
Bole [152]
Native Ferric Oxide as a Pigment [154]
Iron Glance [154]
Hematite [155]
Raddle [155]
Burnt Ferric Oxide and Ochres [158]
(a) Burning in the Muffle [158]
(b) Caput Mortuum, Colcothar [160]
(c) Calcining Ferric Oxide [161]
Ferric Oxide Pigments from Alum Sludge [164]
CHAPTER VII
Brown Earth Colours [168]
Terra di Siena [168]
True Umber [170]
Cologne Earth (Cologne Umber) [173]
Asphaltum Brown (Bitumen) [174]
CHAPTER VIII
Green Earth Colours [176]
Green Earth, or Celadon Green [176]
Artificial Green Earth (Green Ochre) [180]
Malachite Green [181]
CHAPTER IX
Blue Earth Colours [183]
Malachite Blue (Lazulite) [183]
Vivianite or Blue Ochre [184]
CHAPTER X
Black Earth Colours [185]
Graphite [185]
Black Chalk [194]
CHAPTER XI
The Commercial Nomenclature of the Earth Colours [197]
White Earth Colours [198]
Yellow Earth Colours [200]
Red Earth Colours [200]
Brown Earth Colours [200]
Green Earth Colours [201]
Blue Earth Colours [202]
Grey Earth Colours [202]
Black Earth Colours [202]
Index [203]

EARTH COLOURS