The manufacture of earth colours

by Josef Bersch

Grey clay shale:

Mineral grey; silver grey; stone grey; slate grey.

Black Earth Colours

Carbon:

Graphite; blacklead; plumbago; iron black.

Clay shale:

Black chalk; slate black; Spanish black; Spanish chalk; oil black; Schiste noir; Noir d’Espagne.

INDEX

• Alabaster. See [Gypsum].
• Alumina, silicate of, [21], [22]
• Aluminium-potassium silicate, [21]
• Alum sludge, [32]
• ——, artificial ochre from, [148]
• ——, ferric oxide pigments from, [164–167]
• Ammonium salts, artificial ochre from, [145], [146]
• Anhydrite, [19]
• Anthracolite, [13]
• Arragonite, [13]
• Asphaltum, [37], [38].
• See also [Bitumen].
• ——, brown, [174], [175]
• Augite, [179]
• Azurite, [33]
• Ball Mills, [55–56]
• Barium carbonate, [20]
• —— sulphate.
• See [Barytes].
• Barytes, [19], [20], [119–122]
• ——, artificial, [133]
• ——, correcting colour of, [121]
• ——, detecting, in white lead, [120]
• ——, low covering power of, [121]
• Black chalk, [38]
• —— earth colours, [185–196]
• —— ——, trade names of, [202]
• —— earths, [6], [38–39]
• —— schist, [38]
• Bitumen, [174], [175]
• Blanc fixe, [19]
• Blue earth colours, [183–184]
• —— ——, trade names of, [202]
• —— earths, [4], [33–36]
• Bole, [31], [32], [152–154]
• Bone breccia, [13]
• Brown coal, pigments from, [175]
• —— earth colours, [168–175]
• —— ——, trade names of, [200]
• —— earths, [5], [36–38]
• Calcareous marl, [110], [111]
• —— tuff, [12]
• Calcining, [81]
• —— Ferric oxide, [161–164]
• —— furnaces.
• See [Furnaces].
• —— lime, [88–90]
• —— ochre, [132–136]
• Calcite, [11], [12], [14], [15]
• Calcium carbonate, [12], [14], [15], [16]
• —— ——, action of acids on, [15]
• —— hydroxide, [16]
• —— sulphate.
• See [Gypsum].
• Calc sinter, [12]
• —— spar.
• See [Calcite].
• Caledonian brown, [36]
• Cappagh brown, [36]
• Caput mortuum. See [Colcothar].
• Carbon brown, [37]
• —— in limestone, [16]
• Cassel brown, [37], [38], [174]
• Celadon green. See [Green earth].
• Chalk, [13]
• ——, black, [194–196]
• ——, colour of, [103]
• ——, correcting colour of, [104], [105], [106]
• ——, covering power of, [106]
• ——, grinding, [101]
• ——, impurities in, [103], [104]
• ——, precipitated, [107–109]
• ——, preparation and properties of, [98–106]
• Classification of earth colours, [4–8]
• Clay, [21–23]
• Clay, formation of, [113]
• ——, impurities in, [114–119]
• —— in ochre, [128]
• ——, levigating, [114–117]
• Colcothar, [160], [161], [162]
• Cologne earth, [173], [174]
• Commercial nomenclature of earth colours, [197–202]
• Crushers and Breakers, [43–45]
• Crushing, [77–80]
• —— machinery, [43–60]
• Disintegrators, [58–60]
• Distemper, weatherproof, [94]
• Dolomite, [18]
• Draining and Drying, [66–77]
• Drying appliances, [73–77]
• Dyestuffs for improving earth colours, [85]
• Edge runners, [48–55]
• English red, [160]
• Ferric hydroxide in ochre, [128–132]
• —— oxide, artificial ochre from, [143–144]
• —— —— as by-product, [30]
• —— ——, burnt, [158–164]
• —— ——, calcining, [161–164]
• —— —— in lime, detection of, [91]
• —— ——, native, as pigment, [154]
• —— —— pigments from alum sludge, [164–167]
• —— ——, range of colours, [29]
• —— —— shading, [28]
• —— ——, violet shades from, [164]
• Ferrous sulphate, artificial ochre from, [139–143], [146–148]
• Filter-cloths, cleaning, [72]
• Filter-presses, [70–73]
• Furnaces, calcining, [158], [162], [163], [166]
• Granulator, [43]
• Graphite, [38], [39], [185–194]
• —— as a lubricant, [194]
• —— as anticorrosive, [194]
• Graphite in the manufacture of lead pencils, [191–193]
• —— for crucibles, [193]
• ——, refining, [189–192]
• Green earth, [176–180]
• —— ——, artificial, [180]
• —— ——, improving, [178]
• —— —— colours, [176–184]
• —— ——, trade names of, [201]
• —— earths, [5]
• Grey earth colours, trade names of, [202]
• Grey earths, [38]
• Gypsum, [18], [19], [111], [112]
• Heavy spar. See [Barytes].
• Hematite, [155]
• ——, brown, [23], [30], [31]
• ——, red, [28], [30]
• Hydro-extractor, [66–70]
• Improving earth colours, [84], [85]
• Indian red, [29], [160]
• Iron cream, [29]
• —— glance, [154]
• —— in limestone, [17]
• —— ore, bog, [25], [31]
• —— ——, micaceous, [28]
• Ironstone, brown, [23], [24], [25]
• ——, clay, [24]
• ——, red, [28–30]
• Kaolin, [21], [22], [112–119]
• Lazulite, [183]
• Lemnos earth. See [Bole].
• Levigation, [60–65]
• Lime, absorption of carbon dioxide by, [93]
• ——, action of, on casein, [94]
• ——, ——, on colours, [93], [98]
• ——, calcining, [88–90]
• ——, caustic, preparation of, [87–94]
• ——, double compound of oxide and carbonate, [93]
• —— from mussel shells, [98]
• ——, impurities in, [91], [92]
• —— in clay, [22]
• —— ——, eliminating, [117–119]
• —— in ochre, [129]
• Lime in the preparation of artificial ochre, [140–144]
• ——, moulding, [96–98]
• ——, quick, [16]
• ——, slaked, [16]
• Limestone, [11–18]
• ——, suitability of, for colour-making, [92]
• Limonite, [25]
• Magnesia, carbonate of, [123], [124]
• —— in lime, [91]
• —— in limestone, [17]
• Magnesium silicate, [21]
• Malachite, [35]
• —— blue, [183]
• Marble, [11], [14], [15]
• Minerals, testing for suitability as pigments, [172]
• Mine sludge, [32]
• Mixing earth colours, [81–84]
• Moulding, [85], [86]
• Mountain chalk, [12]
• —— milk, [12]
• Muffle, burning ochre in the, [158–160]
• Muriacite, [19]
• Muschelkalk, [13]
• Ochre, [24], [25], [26]
• ——, blue.
• See [Vivianite].
• ——, calcining, [132–136]
• ——, English, [138]
• ——, green, [180]
• ——, pit, [148–150]
• ——, Roman, [137], [138]
• ——, Siena, [137], [138]
• ——, testing, [130–132]
• ——, toning with chalk, [144]
• ——, toning with clay, [144]
• ——, vitriol, [146–148]
• Ochres, [128–150]
• ——, artificial, [138–146]
• —— as by-products, [146–150]
• ——, burnt, [158–164]
• —— from various deposits, [136–138]
• ——, Italian, [137], [138]
• Oolithic limestone, [13]
• Organic matter in lime, [91]
• Pastel crayons, [126]
• Pearl white, [94]
• Permanent white, [19], [122]
• Pipeclay. See [Kaolin].
• Preparation of colour earths, [40–86]
• Pulverisers, [56–58]
• Raddle, [29], [155–158]
• ——, impurities in, [156]
• ——, testing, [157]
• Raw materials for earth colours, [8–39]
• Red earth colours, [151–167]
• —— ——, trade names of, [200]
• Red earths, [4], [27–33]
• Sampling raw earths, [9]
• Selenite, [18]
• Shading pigments with permanent white, [19]
• Siena, Terra di, [25], [26], [27], [168–170]
• ——, ——. See also [Italian ochre].
• Siderosilicate, [171]
• Sifting, [77–80]
• Soapstone, [20], [21].
• See also [Steatite].
• Spanish brown, [174]
• Sprudelstein, [15]
• Steatite, [20], [21], [125], [126]
• Stamps, [45–48]
• Talc, [20], [21], [124], [125]
• Terra sigillata. See [Bole].
• Testing purity of raw earths, [10]
• Trade names of earth colours, [197–202]
• Ultramarine, [33]
• Umber, [36], [170–174]
• ——, Cologne, [173], [174]
• ——, true, [170–173]
• Vandyke Brown, [38], [174]
• Vermilion, [151]
• Verona earth. See [Green earth].
• Vienna white, [95–98]
• Vivianite, [33], [34], [184]
• White earth colours, [87–126]
• White earth, trade names of, [111], [198], [199]
• White earths, [4]
• White raw materials and pigmentary earths, [11–23]
• Witherite, [20]
• Working earth colour deposits, [9]
• Yellow earth colours, [127–150]
• —— ——, trade names of, [100]
• Yellow earth, [150]
• Yellow earths, [4], [23–27]

Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
paris garden, stamford st., s.e., and bungay, suffolk.