If excuse be needed for presenting a translation of Dr. Bersch’s book at so long an interval after the publication of the original (1893), it must be sought in the paucity of the English literature on the subject. It is hoped that the practical nature of the work will make it acceptable to the English reader.

The subject-matter of the original has been preserved in the translation without alteration or addition, with the exception of an unimportant change in the order of arrangement.

The metric system of weights and measures has been used throughout; for the convenience of those who are not familiar with this system, directions are given in an appendix for converting into English weights and measures.

The section on paint grinding (Chapter LXIX.) is perhaps somewhat incomplete; for a more detailed and modern account of this branch of the subject the reader is referred to Practical Paint Grinding, by Mr. J. Cruickshank Smith, B.Sc., shortly to be issued by the same publishers.

A. C. WRIGHT.

Hull, January, 1901.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
Chapter I.Introduction[ 1]
Chapter II.The Physico-chemical Behaviour of Pigments[ 8]
Chapter III.Raw Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Pigments[14]
Chapter IV.Assistant Materials[16]
Water—Chlorine—Ammonia—The Hydrometer —Sal Ammoniac
 or Ammonium Chloride—Ammonium Sulphide.
Acids.—Hydrochloric Acid—Sulphuretted Hydrogen
 —Sulphuric Acid: Oil of Vitriol, Nordhausen Sulphuric
 Acid—Nitric Acid—Aqua Regia—Carbon—Carbonic Acid Gas.
Organic Acids.—Acetic Acid—Oxalic Acid—Tartaric Acid.
Chapter V.Metallic Compounds[32]
Alkalis.—Potassium Compounds—Potassium Carbonate
 —Potassium Hydroxide—Potassium Nitrate—Potassium
 Bitartrate—Potassium Bichromate—Potassium Sodium
 Chromate—Chrome Alum—Potassium Ferrocyanide
 —Potassium Ferricyanide—Sodium Salts—Sodium Carbonate
 —Sodium Hydroxide—Sodium Thiosulphate—Sodium
 Chloride—Salts of the Alkaline Earth Metals.
Calcium Compounds.—Calcium Oxide—Calcium Hydroxide
 —Calcium Carbonate—Calcium Sulphate—Calcium Phosphate
 —Magnesium Carbonate—Barium Compounds—Barium Chloride.
Aluminium Compounds—Aluminium Sulphate.
The Alums.—Potassium Aluminium Alum—Roman Alum—Soda
 Alum—Ammonia Alum—Alumina and Hydrate of Alumina.
Compounds of the Heavy Metals.—Zinc Compounds—Cadmium
 Compounds—Iron Compounds—Ferrous Sulphate—Ferrous
 Chloride—Manganese Compounds—Nickel Compounds—Cobalt
 Compounds—Chromium Compounds—Molybdenum, Tungsten and
 Vanadium Compounds—Antimony Compounds—Bismuth
 Compounds—Tin Compounds—Arsenic Compounds—Lead
 Compounds—Lead Sulphate—Lead Nitrate—Lead Acetate
 —Basic Lead Acetate—Lead Chloride—Copper Compounds
 —Copper Sulphate—Copper Nitrate—Copper Acetate
 —Mercury Compounds—Mercurous Nitrate—Mercuric Nitrate
 —Mercurous Chloride—Mercuric Chloride—Silver Compounds
 —Gold Compounds.
Chapter VI.The Manufacture of Mineral Pigments[71]
White Mineral Pigments—White Lead.
Chapter VII.The Manufacture of White Lead[77]
Manufacture of White Lead from Metallic Lead.—Dutch
 Process: Casting the Lead into Sheets—Building
 up the Stacks—Removal and Grinding of the White
 Lead—White Lead Mills—Hard White Lead—Soft White
 Lead.—German Process.—French Process: Preparation
 of the Solution of Basic Lead Acetate—Preparation
 of the Carbonic Acid and Precipitation of the White
 Lead—Manufacture of White Lead by Means of Natural
 Carbonic Acid.—English Process.—Other Methods.
 —Oxychloride White Lead: Lead Sulphite—Lewis
 & Bartlett’s White Lead Pigment.—White Lead-Antimony
 Pigments: Lead Antimonite—Lead Antimonate.
Chapter VIII.Enamel White[116]
Lithopone.
Chapter IX.Washing Apparatus[120]
Filter Presses.
Chapter X.Zinc White[126]
Griffith’s Zinc White—Tungsten White—White Antimony
 Pigments: Antimony Trioxide—Antimony Oxychloride
 —Bismuth White—Tin White—Manganese White
 —Magnesia White or Mineral White—Annaline.
Chapter XI.Yellow Mineral Pigments[133]
Chapter XII.Chrome Yellows[134]
Lead Chrome Yellow—Preparation of the Lead Solution
 —Precipitation of the Chrome Yellow—The Pale
 Chrome Yellows.
Chapter XIII.Lead Oxide Pigments[143]
Red Lead, Minium.
Chapter XIV.Other Yellow Pigments[148]
Cassel Yellow—Montpellier Yellow—Turner’s Yellow
 or English Yellow—Naples Yellow—Antimony Yellow
 —Calcium Chrome Yellow—Barium Yellow, Yellow
 Ultramarine or Permanent Yellow—Zinc Chrome Yellow
 —Cadmium Chrome Yellow—Cadmium Yellow—Lead
 Iodide—Mars Yellow—Siderin Yellow—Aureolin
 —Tungsten Yellow—Nickel Yellow—Mercury Yellow
 or Turpeth Mineral—Yellow Arsenic Pigments—Lead
 Arsenite—Thallium Pigments.
Chapter XV.Mosaic Gold[160]
Chrysean.
Chapter XVI.Red Mineral Pigments[163]
Vermilion—Black Mercuric Sulphide—Red Mercuric Sulphide.
Chapter XVII.The Manufacture of Vermilion[166]
Dry Method: Chinese Vermilion.—Wet Method: Firmenich’s
 Method—Liebig’s Process—Infusible White Precipitate
 —Electrolytic Process—Mercuric Iodide.
Chapter XVIII.Antimony Vermilion[178]
Appendix—Antimony Blue.
Chapter XIX.Ferric Oxide Pigments[180]
Vogel’s Iron Red—Macay’s English Red—Indian Red.
Chapter XX.Other Red Mineral Pigments[186]
Chrome Red or Chrome Vermilion—Cobalt Red—Cobalt
 Magnesia Red—Cobalt Arsenate—Chromium Stannate
 —Silver Chromate.
Chapter XXI.Purple of Cassius[190]
Magnesia Gold Purple—Alumina Gold Purple.
Chapter XXII.Blue Mineral Pigments—Iron-Cyanogen Pigments[194]
Chinese Blue—Prussian Blue—Mineral Blue—Soluble
 Prussian Blue—Special Processes for the Manufacture
 of Chinese Blue—Turnbull’s Blue—Antwerp Blue.
Chapter XXIII.Ultramarine[204]
Chapter XXIV.The Manufacture of Ultramarine[211]
Preparation of Mixtures for Ultramarine—Ultramarine
 Violet—Chlorine and Steam Process—Hydrochloric
 Acid and Air Process—Ammonium Chloride Process
 —Pale Blue Ultramarine—Ultramarine Red.
Chapter XXV.Blue Copper Pigments[226]
Bremen Blue and Green—Neuberg Blue—Lime Blue
 —Payen’s Mountain Blue—Oil Blue—Copper Hydroxide.
Chapter XXVI.Blue Cobalt Pigments[230]
Cobalt Blue, Thénard’s Blue, Cobalt Ultramarine,
 King’s Blue, Leyden Blue—Cæruleum—Cobalt
 Zinc Phosphate.
Chapter XXVII.Smalts[233]
Preparation of the Charge—Fusion of the Charge
 —Grinding the Fused Mass—Tungsten Blue
 —Tessié du Motay’s Blue—Molybdenum Blue.
Chapter XXVIII.Green Mineral Pigments—Green Copper Pigments[240]
Green Copper Pigments: Copper Carbonate—Copper Arsenite
 —Scheele’s Green—Swedish Green—Brunswick Green
 —Green Verditer—Neuwied Green—Copper Oxychloride.
Chapter XXIX.Emerald Green[244]
Manufacture of Emerald Green from Verdigris—Manufacture
 of Emerald Green from Copper Sulphate—Mitis
 Green or Vienna Green—Copper Stannate—Kuhlmann’s
 Green—Elsner’s Green—Casselmann’s Green—Lime
 Green—Patent Green—Copper Borate—Copper Silicate
 (Egyptian Blue).
Chapter XXX.Verdigris[252]
Blue Verdigris—Distilled or Crystallised Verdigris
 —German Verdigris.
Chapter XXXI.Chromium Oxide[260]
Chapter XXXII.Other Green Chromium Pigments[264]
Guignet’s Green—Emerald Green—Chrome Green Lake
 —Turkish Green—Leaf Green.—Chromium Phosphate
 Pigments: Arnaudan’s Green—Plessy’s Green—Schnitzer’s
 Green—Chromaventurine—Chrome Blue (Garnier).
Chapter XXXIII.Green Cobalt Pigments[268]
Cobalt Green.
Chapter XXXIV.Green Manganese Pigments[270]
Manganese Green—Rosenstiehl’s Green—Böttger’s Barium
 Green—Manganous Oxide—Manganese Blue.
Chapter XXXV.Compounded Green Pigments[273]
Chrome Green—Elsner’s Chrome Green—Silk Green
 —Natural Green—Non-arsenical Green.
Chapter XXXVI.Violet Mineral Pigments[276]
Chromic Chloride—Manganese Violet—Tin Violet,
 Mineral Lake—Copper Violet, Guyard’s Violet.
Chapter XXXVII.Brown Mineral Pigments[279]
Lead Brown—Manganese Brown—Pyrolusite Brown
 —Prussian Brown—Iron Brown—Copper Brown
 —Chrome Brown—Cobalt Brown.
Chapter XXXVIII.Brown Decomposition Products[283]
Humins—Bistre.
Chapter XXXIX.Black Pigments[285]
Charcoal Blacks: True Charcoal Black—Vine Black
 —Vine Black from Wine Lees—Vine Black from
 Pressed Grapes—Bone Black or Ivory Black.
Chapter XL.Manufacture of Soot Pigments[294]
Chapter XLI.Manufacture of Lamp Black[307]
Calcination of the Soot—Pine Black.
Chapter XLII.The Manufacture of Soot Black without Chambers[313]
Chapter XLIII.Indian Ink[316]
Neutral Tint Black—Appendix: Black Mineral Pigments
 —Chrome Copper Black—Chrome Black.
Chapter XLIV.Enamel Colours[319]
White Enamels—Coloured Enamels: Yellow Enamels—Red
 Enamel—Blue Enamels—Green Enamel—Violet Enamel
 —Black Enamel.
Chapter XLV.Metallic Pigments[326]
Shell-Gold—Shell-Silver—Imitation Silver.
Chapter XLVI.Bronze Pigments[329]
Electrolytic Copper Bronze—Tungsten Bronze Pigments.
Chapter XLVII.Vegetable Bronze Pigments[339]
Appendix: The Brocade Pigments.
PIGMENTS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN.
Chapter XLVIII.Lakes[343]
Chapter XLIX.Yellow Lakes[348]
Dutch Pink—Weld Lake—Gamboge Lake—Prepared
 Gamboge—Fustic Lake—Quercitron Lake—Purree
 or Indian Yellow—The Colouring Matter of Saffron
 —Colouring Matter of Gardinia Grandiflora.
Chapter L.Red Lakes[354]
Cochineal and Carmine
Chapter LI.The Manufacture of Carmine[357]
Cenette’s Method—Munich, Vienna, Paris or Florentine
 Lake—Ammonia-Cochineal.
Chapter LII.The Colouring Matter of Lac[363]
Lac Dye.
Chapter LIII.Safflower or Carthamine Red[366]
Safflower Carmine—Alkanet.
Chapter LIV.Madder and its Colouring Matters[370]
Garancin—Garanceux—Madder Extract—The Constituents
 of Madder.
Chapter LV.Madder Lakes[375]
Madder Carmine.
Chapter LVI.Manjit (Indian Madder)[378]
Chica Red, Curucuru, Carajuru—Bigonia Chica.
Chapter LVII.Lichen Colouring Matters[380]
Archil—French Purple—Cudbear—Litmus.
Chapter LVIII.Red Wood Lakes[384]
Chapter LIX.The Colouring Matters of Sandalwood[388]
 and Other Dye-woods
Chapter LX.Blue Lakes[390]
Indigo—The Constituents of Indigo.
Chapter LXI.Indigo Carmine[394]
Indigo Mills—Blue Lake.
Chapter LXII.The Colouring Matter of Logwood[398]
Logwood Extract—Kohlrausch’s Process for Obtaining
 Concentrated Extracts of Colouring Matters and
 Tannins.
Chapter LXIII.Green Lakes[409]
Chlorophyll—Sap Green—Chinese Green, Lokao
 —Charvin’s Green.
Chapter LXIV.Brown Organic Pigments[414]
Asphaltum—Sepia.
Chapter LXV.Sap Colours[416]
Chapter LXVI.Water Colours[419]
Moist Water Colours.
Chapter LXVII.Crayons[423]
Crayons for Earthenware.
Chapter LXVIII.Confectionery Colours[427]
Chapter LXIX.The Preparation of Pigments for Painting[429]
Paint Mills.
Chapter LXX.The Examination op Pigments[434]
Mineral Pigments—Examination with the Blowpipe
 —Reactions of the White Pigments—Reactions
 of the Yellow Pigments—Reactions of the Red
 Pigments—Reactions of the Blue Pigments
 —Reactions of the Green Pigments—Reactions
 of the Brown Pigments—Reactions of the Black Pigments.
Chapter LXXI.Examination of Lakes[445]
Reactions of the Organic Colouring Matters.
Chapter LXXII.The Testing of Dye-Woods[449]
The Colorimeter.
Chapter LXXIII.The Design of a Colour Works[457]
Chapter LXXIV.Commercial Names of Pigments[460]
APPENDIX.
The Conversion of Metric into English
   Weights and Measures—Centigrade
   and Fahrenheit Thermometer Scales		[469]
[INDEX.]

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.

It is doubtful whether another branch of applied chemistry is recorded of so great an age as the colour industry; at the present time there is hardly a race on the face of the earth which does not make use of colours in some form, either for the decoration of their persons or surroundings. The art of preparing colours is as ancient as their use. It is true that we find from the most remote historical records that the so-called earth colours were almost solely employed, and principally those which exist ready formed in nature. But these natural colours also require their particular process of preparation before they fulfil their object, even though this be merely a mechanical operation, such as powdering or levigating. That the oldest nations of whom we possess lasting records, either written or otherwise, really understood the preparation of colours by chemical processes is shown by the common occurrence in the Egyptian mural pictures of figures clad in brightly coloured garments, a proof that the Egyptians not only understood the science of colour manufacturing, but also the more advanced art of fastening colours upon fabrics—dyeing.