Scotland in Pagan Times; The Iron Age

by Joseph Anderson

And while on all these lines of investigation we have traced the manifestations of these early forms of culture and civilisation up to points at which they seem to touch the culture and civilisation of the Roman Empire, it is to be observed that they do no more than touch it—they are not merged in it. In all their distinctive features they are still Celtic, and Celtic exclusively. There is nothing Roman in the forms of the prevailing types; there is nothing Roman in the art that decorates these forms; there is nothing Roman in the typical character of the structures in which they are found. The forms, the art, and the architecture are those of Scotland’s Iron Age—the Pagan Period of her Celtic people.

INDEX.

• Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, bronze armlets found near, [148].
• Aby, Sodermanland, Sweden, Runic monument at, [99], [101].
• Airlie, Forfarshire, Earth-houses at, [292].
• Analysis of oval bowl-shaped brooches, [41].
• —— of bronze armlets, [148], [161].
• Animal Remains found in Brochs, [215], [221], [222], [231], [237], [238].
• Armlets of bronze, massive, penannular, decorated in relief and with enamels, [141-155].
• —— spiral and serpent-formed, [156-161].
• —— found in Earth-houses, [297].
• —— found in Broch of Yarhouse, [231].
• Arm-rings of silver, [86], [87], [88], [109].
• Arms buried with Christian dead, [5], [6].
• Architecture of the Brochs of Scotland, [174-208].
• Art, Celtic, of the Pagan Period, [112].
• Auchenbadie, Banffshire, bronze armlets found at, [144].
• Auchindoir, Aberdeenshire, Earth-houses at, [292].
• Aucorn, Caithness, vessels of sandstone found at, [75].
• Axe-head, inlaid with silver, from Mammen How, [97].
• Axes found in Viking graves, [21].
• Ayrshire, the crannogs of, [269].

• Backies, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, [202].
• Balearic Islands, the Talayots of, [206].
• Ball of bronze ornamented with spiral patterns, [161], [162].
• Balls of stone ornamented with spiral and other patterns, [162–170].
• Ballinaby, Islay, Viking graves at, [14], [38].
• Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright, bronze mirror and other articles found at, [126].
• Barra, grave mound in, [42].
• Bayeux Tapestry, maces figured in the, [170].
• Bead of Vitreous Paste found in Broch of Bowermadden, [233].
• Beads of variegated glass found in Viking graves, [27].
• Ben Ledi, Hill-Fort on a spur of, [275].
• Birdlip, near Gloucester, bronze mirror found in a grave at, [132].
• Birrenswark, Annandale, enamelled bridle-bit found at, [123].
• Bishops buried with their vestments, [5].
• Bodinar, Cornwall, hut structures at, [207].
• Borrowston, Shapinsay, Orkney, Broch of, [197].
• Bowermadden, Broch of, [232].
• Braavalla Heath, battle of, [60].
• Brass, hammer-marked plates of, found in Broch of Carn-liath, [222].
• Brochs, Architecture of the, [174–208].
• —— geographical distribution of the, [192].
• Bronze, vessels of, from Dowalton Loch, [266], [268].
• Brooch of Brass, circular, found at Yarhouse, [225].
• Brooches, oval, bowl-shaped, found in Viking graves, [24], [38], [39], [40], [44], [45],57.
• —— analysis of, [41].
• —— geographical distribution of, [34].
• —— silver, penannular, with knobs like thistle-heads, [54], [79], [81], [93], [101], [102].
• Broomhouse, Berwickshire, Earth-house at, [282].
• Brounaben, Caithness, Broch of, [200].
• Buchaam, Strathdon, Earth-house at, [285].
• Bunrannoch, Perthshire, bronze armlets found at, [149], [153].
• Burghead, silver mounting of a drinking-horn found at, [46].
• Burghead, fort built with logs and stones at, [279].
• Burial, survival of Pagan customs in Christian, [3].
• —— clothed and with grave-goods, [4], [5], [6], [7].
• —— of laymen in clerical habits, [6].
• Burials in the mounds covering the ruins of Brochs, [219], [225].
• —— with urns of steatite in Orkney and Shetland, [66–76].
• —— in Norway, [77].
• Burraness, island of Yell, Shetland, Broch at, [184].
• —— Unst, Shetland, Broch of, [195].
• Burray, Orkney, east Broch of, [197],236.
• Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Broch of, [245].
• Burwick, near Stromness, Broch of, [202], [238].
• Bute, island of, gold fillets and rings found in, [107].

• Cairn Conan, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, [294].
• Caithness, the Brochs of, [209], [223], [232], [234].
• —— oval brooches found in, [43], [45].
• Caldale, Kirkwall, arm-rings of silver found at, [109].
• Caledonian Valley, number of Brochs to the north of the, [192].
• Campbell, William, of Ballinaby, Viking graves discovered by, [14].
• Carn-liath, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, [202], [221].
• Cassimir, Frederick, buried with his arms and horse, [6].
• Castle Cole, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, [185], [194].
• Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire, enamelled bronze armlets at, [141].
• Caterthun, Forfarshire, Hill-Fort of, [274].
• Chapel Euny, Sancreed, Cornwall, Earth-house at, [305].
• Charcoal, ritualistic use of, in Christian burial, [8], [9].
• Charlemagne, manner of the burial of, [4].
• Childeric, King, manner of the burial of, [4].
• Clay, vessels of, with incense and holy water, use of, in Christian burial, [9],10, [11], [12].
• Clergy buried in their vestments, [5].
• Clibberswick, Unst, pair of oval brooches and trefoil ornament found at, [47].
• Clickamin, Lerwick, Broch of, [195], [196].
• Cloth of various kinds, fragments of, from Viking graves, [42], [55].
• Cloth, castings of texture of, in bowl-shaped brooches, [41].
• —— Hood of Woollen, from moss in Orkney, [103].
• Clothing, burial of, with Christian dead, [4], [5], [6].
• Clova, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, [288].
• Cockburn Law, Berwickshire, Broch at, [186].
• Coins, Cufic and Anglo-Saxon, found with hoards of silver ornaments, [88], [89], [91].
• —— Roman, found in Broch of Lingrow, [244].
• Coldoch, Perthshire, Broch of, [190].
• Combs of bone, double-edged, found in Brochs, [237], [240], [249], [250].
• —— round-backed, found in Brochs, [233], [240], [249].
• —— long-handled, found in Brochs, [213], [222], [240], [241], [251].
• Cornwall, Earth-houses of, [305].
• Corquoy, Rousay, Orkney, urn of steatite found at, [71].
• Craig Beg, Ballater, ornamented stone ball found at, [165].
• Craig Phadrig, near Inverness, Vitrified Fort of, [277].
• Crannog of Loch Laoghaire, the siege of the, [271].
• Crannogs of Dowalton Loch, [264].
• —— of Ayrshire, [269].
• Cranokis of the Isles, the, [271].
• Cremation a typical characteristic of Pagan burial, [2].
• —— punishable with death, [4].
• —— narrative by an eye-witness of the ceremonies attending a burial after, [61].
• Crichie, near Kintore, bronze ornaments found at, [123].
• Crichton Mains, Midlothian, Earth-house at, [301].
• Crosiers, burial of, with archbishops, [5].
• Crucibles found in Brochs, [221].
• Cuerdale, hoard of silver ornaments and coins at, [91].
• Culbin Sands, Elginshire, bronze spiral armlet found at, [156].
• Cullswick, Shetland, Broch at, [185], [195].
• Culsh, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, [287].
• Cup-markings on rocks and stones, area of, [299].

• Dice of bone found in Broch of Burrian, [248].
• Discs of polished stone found in Brochs and Crannogs, [220], [232], [236], [241], [270].
• Dowalton Loch, Crannogs in, [264].
• —— bronze mounting found in, [123].
• Drinking-horn, silver mounting of a, [46].
• Drumside, Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, bronze armlets found at, [146], [147].
• Dun Alisaig, Ross-shire, Broch of, [185].
• —— Carloway, Lewis, Broch of, [185].
• —— Dornadilla, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, [185].
• —— Mac Uisneachan, Loch Etive, Vitrified Fort of, [277].
• Dunsinnane, description of the Hill-Fort of, [281].

• Earth-houses of Scotland, Ireland, and Cornwall, [282], [304].
• —— of Scotland, period of, [304].
• Eigg, Viking graves in, [48], [49], [53], [54].
• Elgin, ornamented stone ball found at, [162].
• Elie, in Fife, Earth-house at, [292].
• Enamel on shields, bridle-bits, horse-trappings, and armlets, [120], [123], [125], [126], [141], [143].
• Eriboll, Sutherlandshire, Earth-house at, [289].
• Erik, King of Denmark, buried with his sword, [5].
• Esthonia, relapse of Christian converts to heathenism in, [4].
• Eucharist, spoon used in celebration of the, [134].

• Fair Isle, urn of steatite found in, [73].
• Finhaven, near Aberlemno, Vitrified Fort of, [277].
• Fordoun, Kincardineshire, ornamented stone ball found at, [164].
• France, Celtic or Gaulish forts of, [280].
• Freelands, Glasterlaw, ornamented stone ball found at, [164].

• Garrywhoine, Caithness, Hill-Fort of, [273].
• Gauls, shields and helmets of the, [119].
• Gisli the Soursop, Saga of, [290].
• Glas Hill, Towie, ornamented stone ball found at, [163].
• Glass, variegated beads of, found in Viking graves, [27].
• —— black, smoothing implements of, found in Viking graves, [30], [36].
• Glenelg, Brochs in the valley of Glenbeg in, [181], [182].
• Gökstad, near Sandefiord, ship-burial at, [64].
• Gold, hoards of ornaments of, [106], [107], [108].
• Goni, Sardinia, Nuraghe of, [193].
• Grain, charred, found in Brochs, [234].
• Grave-goods, Christian burials with, [4], [5], [6], [7].
• Grange of Conan, near Arbroath, bronze spiral armlet found at, [160].

• Hamilton, Dr. Edward, investigation of Vitrified Forts in Arisaig by, [279].
• Harald, Earl of Orkney, [200].
• Harness, bronze mountings of, [122], [123].
• Haroldswick, Unst, Shetland, grave-mound at, [74].
• Harpsdale, Caithness, Broch of, [199].
• Harray, Orkney, Broch at Manse of, [198], [199], [236].
• Hell-shoes bound on the feet of the dead, [6].
• Helmets of bronze with horns, [116].
• Hildebrand, B. E., on the supposed Oriental origin of the silver hoards of the Viking time, [90].
• Hildetand, King Harald, burial of, [60].
• Hill-Forts of Scotland, [272].
• Hoards of silver ornaments and coins, [78], [89], [109].
• —— of gold ornaments, [106], [107], [108].
• Hogsetter, Whalsay, Shetland, defensive structure in the Loch of, [260].
• Hood of woollen fabric found in a moss in Orkney, [103].
• Horse, the flesh of the, as an article of food, [215].
• Hravnkel Freysgode, grave-mound of, [59].