[312] O. Mason, loc. cit., p. 364.
[313] Letourneau, L’évolution du commerce, Paris, 1897.
[314] Kubary, Ethn. Beitr. Karolinen-Archipel., p. 1, Leyden, 1889–95.
[315] Balfour, Journ. Anthro. Inst., vol. xix., 1889, p. 54.
[316] Nillsson, Ureinwohner Skand. Nordens, p. 37, Hamburg, 1866, i. Nachtr.
[317] Cooper, The Mishmee Hills, London, 1873.
[318] It is the English who have given to this porcelain the name of cauri or cowry, which appears to be a corruption of the Sanscrit word Kaparda, Kapardika, whence Kavari in the Mahratta dialect; the Portuguese call it Bouji or Boughi; the inhabitants of the Maldives, boli; the Siamese, bios (which means shell in general in their language); the Arabs, wadda or vadaat.
[319] Martens, “Über verschiedene Verwendungen von Conchylien,” Zeit. für Ethn., Berlin, 1872, vol. iv., p. 65; Andree, Ethnol. Parall., p. 233; Stearns, “Ethno-conchology,” Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1887.
[320] In 1858, 2,938 piculs of cowry-shells (about 177 tons) were exported from Manilla, for the most part to England. In 1848, 59 1⁄2 tons of cowries were imported into Liverpool. At the time of the Dutch dominion of Ceylon, Amsterdam was the principal market of this trade; there were sold there in 1689 192,951 pounds (Dutch) of these shells; and in 1780 133,229 pounds (Johnston).
[321] O. Mason, loc. cit., p. 327, and “Prim. Travel and Transport,” Smithsonian Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1894, p. 239, Washington, 1896.