[391] R. Erckert, Der Kaukasus u. Seine Völker, Leipzig, 1885 (with map); E. Chantre, Rech. Anthropol., dans le Caucase, Lyons, 1885–87, 4th vol., and atlas; Pantiukhof, “Obser. Anthr. au Caucase,” Zapiski Caucasian Sec. of Russ. Geog. Soc., vol. xv., Tiflis, 1893, phot.
[392] For particulars see Deniker, loc. cit. (Races de l’Europe).
[393] The flint flakes resembling palæolithic tools, found by F. Noetling (Records Geol. Survey, India, vol. xxvii., p. 101, Calcutta, 1894) in Miocene or lower Pliocene beds, at Yenang-Yung (Central Burma), are considered by Oldham and other scholars as natural products. However, Noetling has since (in 1897) described an animal bone, artificially polished(?), of the same beds.—Nat. Science, London-New York, 1894, p. 345; 1895, 1st half-year, p. 367; 2nd, pp. 199 and 294; and 1887, 1st half-year, p. 233.
[394] The bones of the Pithecanthropus, a thigh-bone, a calvaria (Figs. [112] and [113]), and two molar teeth (Fig. [112]), were found by Dr. Dubois at Trinil (province of Madioun), on the bank of the river Bengavan, in a layer of lava, by the side of bones of animals of the Pliocene period. The calvaria, indicating a cranial capacity of about 900 cubic centimetres, recalls rather the Neanderthal-Spy skull (Fig. [86]) than that of a gibbon; the thigh-bone is entirely human; the teeth are of a form intermediate between those of Man and of the Anthropoids.—For particulars see E. Dubois, Pithecanthropus ... aus Java, Batavia, 1894; and his articles in the Anat. Anzeig., 1896, No. 1, and the Jour. Anthr. Inst., London, vol. 25, p. 240 (1896); Manouvrier, Bull. Soc. Anthr., Paris, 1895, pp. 12 and 553; 1896, pp. 396 and 467; G. Schwalbe, Zeitsch. Morph. u. Anthr., vol. i., p. 16, Stuttgart, 1899.
[395] Uvarof, Arkheologia, etc. (Archeol. of Russia, vol. i., Moscow, 1881, p. 162, in Russian); Kuznétzof, Mittheil. Anthr. Gesell., Vienna, 1896, Nos. 4 and 5; “Age de la pierre au Japon,” Mater. hist.... homme, Toulouse-Paris, 1879, p. 31; S. Fuse, Journ. Anthr. Soc. Tokyo, vol. xi., 1896, No. 122 (in Japanese); Inuzuka, ibid., No. 119; E. Cartailhac, “L’âge de la pierre en Asie,” Congr. Orientalistes, 3rd ser., 1, p. 315, Lyons, 1880; G. Chauvet, “Age de la pierre en Asie,” Congr. intern. arch. prehis., 11th session, vol. i., p. 57, Moscow, 1892. The arrows picked up by Abbé A. David in Mongolia, and supposed to be palæolithic, belong to the historic period (Hamy, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1896, p. 46).
[396] Medlicot and Blandford, Manual of Geol. of India, Calcutta, 1879, 2 vols.; Cartailhac, loc. cit.; Rivett-Carnac, Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xiii., 1884, p. 119.
[397] Potanin, Otcherki, etc. (North-West Mong. Sketches), St. Petersburg, 1881–83, 4 vols., (in Russian); Adrianof, “Zapiski, etc.,” Mem. Russ. Geog. Soc., Sect. Gen. Geog., vol. xi., 1888, p. 149; Radloff, Aus Sibirien, Leipzig, 1884, 2 vols., and Arbeit. Orkhon. Exped., St. Petersburg, 1893–97 (in course of publication). For summary of the question and bibliography, see Deniker, Nouvelles Geogr., p. 54, Paris, 1892 (with map).
[398] Radloff, loc. cit. (Arbeit., etc.); Thomson, Mem. Soc. Finno-Ougrienne vol. v., Helsingfors, 1896. We cannot admit as a general rule an exact synchronism between the prehistoric periods of Europe and those of Northern Asia. If, as Uvarof says, the age of the mammoth was earlier in Siberia than in Europe, it is none the less true that many peoples of Eastern Siberia were still in the midst of the “stone age” at the time when the Russians penetrated into this country (seventeenth century). As to the peoples of Western Siberia and the Kirghiz Steppes, the beginning of their bronze age goes back at the furthest to the beginning of the Christian era.
[399] Margaritof, Memoirs Amurian Soc. of Naturalists, vol. i., Vladivostok, 1887. The only skull found in these heaps is dolichocephalic and reminds one of the Ainu skull. Thus one might suppose, as Milne had done (Trans. As. Soc. Jap., Tokio, 1899, vol. vii., p. 61), in connection with the similar kitchen refuse found in Japan, that they are the work of the Ainus; however, the presence of pottery, unknown to the Ainus even to recent times, militates against this view.
[400] The Nagas have still at the present day axes of precisely the same form, which they use as hoes. (S. Peal, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lxv., Part III., p. 9, Calcutta, 1896.) Cf. Noulet, “Age de la pierre ... au Cambodge d’après Moura,” Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i., p. 3, Toulouse, 1879; and Mater. Hist. Nat. Homme, vol. xiv., p. 315, Toulouse, 1879; Cartaillac, L’Anthropol., p. 64, 1890 (a summary of Jammes’s discoveries).