[401] Schrenck, Reisen in Amur-Lande, vol. iii., Parts I. and II., St. Petersburg, 1881–91.
[402] Müller and Gmelin saw in 1753 the last surviving Arines, and in 1855 Castren was still able to find five individuals speaking the Kotte tongue.
[403] Yadrintsef, “Ob Altaïtsakh, etc.” (On the Altaians and Tatars of Chern), Izviestia of the Russ. Geogr. Soc., St. Petersb., 1881.
[404] Nordenskiold, Voyage de la Vega, vol. ii., chap. xii., Paris, 1883–84; Deniker, loc. cit. (Rev. Anthr., p. 309, 1882).
[405] The disappearance of these tribes is more apparent than real. The Anauls, in the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Anadyr, exterminated by the Cossacks in 1649, were only a fraction of the Yukaghirs, as is indicated by the termination “ul” which is found again in the name “Odul,” which the Yukaghirs use to describe themselves. The word “Omok” means simply people, “tribe” in Yukaghir language. As to the Cheliags, who, according to the Cossack Amossof, occupied at the end of the last century the Siberian coast between the Gulf of Chaun and the mouth of the Kolima—they were probably one of the Chukchi tribes.
[406] Iokhelson, “Izviestia, etc.,” Bull. East-Siberian Sect. of the Russ. Geogr. Soc., vol. xxix., p. 8, Irkutsk, 1898.
[407] Anuchin, “Izviestia” Soc. Friends Sc. Moscow, suppl. to vol. xx., 1876 (analysed Rev. d’Anthr., 1878, p. 148); Scheube, Mitt. Deut. Gesell. Natur. u. Volkenk, vol. iii., pp. 44 and 220, Yokohama-Tokio, 1880–82; G. Batchelor, Trans. As. Soc. Japan, vol. x., part 2, Tokio, 1882, and The Ainu of Japan, London, 1892; Chamberlain, Mem. Imper. Univ. Japan, Litter. coll. No. 1, Tokio, 1887 (analysed Rev. d’Anthr., 1888, p. 81); Tarenetsky, Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Petersburg, 1890, vol. xxxvii., No. 13; Hitchcock, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1890, pp. 408 and 429; S. Landor, Alone with the Hairy Ainu, 1893; Koganeï, Beitr. z. Phys. Anthr. Aino (extr. from Mit. Med. Fakult., vols. i. and ii., Tokio, 1893–94).
[408] Schrenck, loc. cit.; Seeland, Russiche Rev., vol. xi., St. Petersburg, 1882; Deniker, Les Ghiliaks, Paris, 1884 (extr. from Rev. d’Ethnogr.).
[409] C. Hiekisch, Die Tungusen, St. Petersburg, 1879; L. Schrenck, loc. cit.; H. James, “A Journey in Manchuria,” Proc. Geogr. Soc. London, 1886, p. 779; D. Pozdniéef, Opissanie, etc. (Description of Manchuria, in Russian), vol. i., chap. vi., St. Petersburg, 1897. For measurements, see [Appendices II.] and [III.]
[410] This classification is not at all absolute. Turks and Mongols inhabit the wooded regions of Northern Asia (Yakuts, Buriats); they are also to be found in Europe and Asia Minor. The table-land of Iran, belonging to the region without outlet, assimilated since the works of Richthofen to Central Asia, is mostly inhabited by Iranian peoples having a connection with those of anterior Asia. The Thibetans chiefly occupy the upper valley of the Yaro-tsanpo, which is now in the line of communication between Central and peripheral Asia, etc.