[411] See my articles “Turks” and “Tatars” in the Dict. Univ. de Geogr. of Vivien de Saint-Martin and Rousselet, vol. vi., Paris, 1894; and for details the works of Radloff and Vambery, to which reference is therein made.
[412] These “Tatars” have sprung from the intermixture of three elements: the primitive Tatars, the probable descendants of the Tu-Kiue of Chinese authors, the founders of the kingdom of Sibir destroyed by the Russians in the sixteenth century; the Sartes and the Uzbegs, coming especially from Bokhara; lastly, the Tatars of the Volga, immigrating in the wake of the Russians. In the west of Siberia there are also Ostiak tribes which bear the name of Tatars (such as the Zabolotnyé Tatary), because they have adopted the customs and religion of their neighbours the Tatars.
[413] Dutreuil de Rhins and Grenard, Miss. Sc. Haute Asie, vol. ii., Paris, 1898.
[414] See bibliography in the monograph on the Kirghiz-Bukei by Kharouzin, “Izviestia” Soc. Friends of Nat. Sc., Moscow, vol. 72, 1891.
[415] We must distinguish among the “Tatars of the Crimea” two ethnic groups, speaking the same Turkish dialect: the Tatars of the Steppes (Nogai), and the Tatars of the Mountains and of the Coast, or Tauridians (Krimchaki in Russian). These are the Islamised descendants of the ancient populations of the Taurus (Kipchaks, Genoese, Greeks, Goths). The Nogai belong to the Turkish race, more or less crossed, while the Tauridians have many traits of the Adriatic and Indo-Afghan races.
[416] For statistics as to stature, ceph. index, etc., see [Appendices I.] to [III.]; these figures are borrowed from the works of Benzengre, Bogdanof, Chantre, Elissiéef, Erckert, Hecker, Kharuzin, Lygin, Malief, Merejkovsky, Nazarof, Païssel, Pantiukhof, Sommier, Ujfalvy, Vyrubof, Weisbach, Weissenberg, Yadrintzef, etc. (Cf. Deniker, Les Races de l’Europe, 1. Ind. ceph., Paris, 1899.)
[417] Pallas, Samml. Hist. Nachricht., St. Petersburg, 1776–1801, 2 vols.; Bergmann, Nomad. Streifereien. u. d. Kalmuk, Riga, 1804, 4 vols.; Howorth, History of Mong., London, 1877, 4 vols.; Deniker, loc. cit. (Rev. Anthr., 1883–84); Ivanovsky, loc. cit. (Mongols-Torg.); Potanin, loc. cit.; A. Pozdniéef, Mongolia, etc. (Mongolia and the Mongols, in Russian), St. Petersburg, 1896, vol. i., and other publications of this learned writer.
[418] In many works to these three divisions of Mongols are also added the so-called Hezare or Hazara and the Aimaks, tribes styled Mongolian, left by Tamerlane in Afghanistan. It appears that at the present time these tribes have only preserved of their origin a few physiognomical features; they speak a Turkish dialect and have intermixed with the Jemchids, whose mode of life and religion they have adopted.
[419] Cf. Prjevalsky, Trétie, etc. (Third Journey in Central Asia), St. Petersburg, 1883; and Jour. Geog. Soc., 1886–87; Rockhill, The Land of the Lamas, London, 1891; Ethnol. of Tibet, Washington, 1895; and Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1893, p. 665; Desgodins, Le Tibet, 2nd ed., Paris, 1885; Waddell, Buddhism of Thibet, London, 1895; and Among the Himalayas, London, 1899.
[420] See Dalton, Descrip. Ethnol. of Bengal, p. 13 et seq., Calcutta, 1872. We leave untouched the peoples sprung from the intermixture of the Thibetans with the Mongols (Kara-Tanguts of the Kuku-Nor), with the Iranians and the Hindus (Balti, of Cashmere, etc.), with the Punjabi Hindus (Gurkhas, Nepalese), with the Assam peoples (Dophlas, Miris, etc.).