[551] Estimated at 1000 in 1817, the Tasmanians numbered 340 in 1824 (first census). The number fell to 111 in 1834, to 51 in 1842, to 16 in 1854, to 4 in 1865 (H. Hull, Statist. Summary of Tasmanians, 1866). The last representative of the Tasmanian people, a woman called Truganina, died in 1876. Miss F. C. Smith, still living, and described as a Tasmanian, in 1889, is a Tasmano-European half-breed (Ling Roth, Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxvii., p. 451, 1897–98).
[552] In his work, The Aborigines of Tasmania, 2nd ed., London, 1899, with figs., Ling Roth has conscientiously summarised all that has been published about the Tasmanians.
[553] There is no justification for supposing that the Kalangs of Java are Negritoes, as A. R. Meyer has assumed in his memoir (Leopoldina, part xiii., Nos. 13–14, 1877). See on this point, Kohlbrugge, “L’Anthr. des Tenggerois,” L’Anthropologie, p. 4, 1898.
[554] See Montano, “Mission aux Philippines,” Arch. Miss. Scient., 3rd series, vol. xi., with figs., Paris, 1885; De Quatrefages, loc. cit. (Les Pygmées); Schadenberg, Zeitschr. f. Ethnol., 1880.
[555] Ten Kate, “L’Anthropologie d’Oceanie,” L’Anthropologie, vol. iv., 1893, p. 279; “Verslag eener Reis in Timorgrœp,” Tijdschr. Nederl. Aardrijk. sk. Genoot., Amsterdam, vol. xi., 1894, with summary in French; and Anthropol. Problem in Insulindie ... Festbundel ... Dr. P. Veth aangeboden, p. 212, Leyden, 1894; Lapicque, loc. cit. (Tour du Monde).
[556] Modigliani, loc. cit., and L’isola delle Donne ... Engano, Milan, 1894; Danielli, “Cranii di Engano,” Archiv. p. l’anthr., vol. xxiv. See also the works already quoted of Montano, Hagen (as well as his Anthropolog. Atlas Ostasiat.... Völk., Wiesbaden, 1898), Ten Kate, Deniker and Laloy, Lapicque, Kohlbrugge, etc.
[557] Junghuhn, Battaländer auf Sumatra, vol. ii., p. 375; Hamy, “Les Alfourous de Gilolo,” Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 6th ser., vol. xiii., p. 490.
[558] The dwellings in trees at Sumbawa, among the Mandayas of Mindanao (Philippines), among the Lubu of Sumatra, should also be noted.
[559] Pleytte, “De Geogr. Otbreiding v. h. Koppensnellen, etc.,” Tijdschr. v. h. Aardrijksk. Genoots, p. 908, Amsterdam, 1891.
[560] For the anthropometry of some of the peoples enumerated below, see [Appendices I.] to [III.] The figures there given are derived from the works of Hagan, Ten Kate, Lapicque, Deniker and Laloy, Kohlbrugge, Jacobs, Weisbach, Lubbers and Langen.