[611] See [Appendices I.] to [III.]; the measurements there given are principally taken from Boas, Ten Kate, the American military commission, and my own observations with Laloy.
[612] Not less than 39 linguistic families may be enumerated on that long but narrow strip of land which extends from Alaska to California, between the Rocky Mountains and the ocean. (Powell, loc. cit.)
[613] The Moquis and Zuñis are in fact 1 m. 62 in height, and have a ceph. ind. of 83.3 and 84.9. We must, however, notice some exceptions in regard to the somatic type of the Indians of the Pacific slopes: the Salishans of the coast (with the exception of the Bilcoolas) are almost short and brachycephalic, while those of the interior are almost tall and brachycephalic, like the Bilcoolas, the Maricopas, the Mohares (Fig. [4]).
[614] The first of these groups occupies Powell’s North Pacific and Columbian “ethnographic provinces” (loc. cit.); the second, the province of Oregon-California; the third, the Interior Basin and the region of the Pueblos.
[615] Gibbs, “Tribes of W. Washington and N.-W. Oregon,” Contrib. N. Am. Ethn., vol. i., p. 157, Washington, 1887; Dall, “Tribes N.W. Washington,” ibid.; Petroff, Rep. on Populat.... of Alaska, Washington, 1884; Amerikas Nordwesküste (Publ. Ethn. Mus.), Berlin, 1883–84, 2 vols., fol.; Krause, Die Tlinkit Indianer, Jena, 1885; “Reports ... Committee, North-West Tribes ... Canada” (in the Rep. Brit. Assoc. from 1885 to 1898; especially the reports by H. Hale and Wilson on the Black-Feet in 1885 and 1887, and the full reports of Boas, 1888 to 1890, and in 1898, partly summarised in Peterm. Mittheil., 1887 and 1896, and in the Transact. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1888, 2nd sect.); Boas, “Die Tsimshian,” Zeitsch. f. Ethn., 1888, p. 231; Niblack, “Coast Ind. South Alaska and N. Brit. Colomb.,” Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898.
[616] Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. iii.; Ten Kate, Bull. Soc. Anthrop., Paris, 1884, and loc. cit.; Deniker, Bull. du Museum d’Hist. Nat., 1895, No. 2.
[617] The Shoshones, who inhabited by themselves the interior basin between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra-Nevada, have now dwindled to 17,000 individuals, just managing to subsist by fishing and gathering roots on infertile soil. They are composed of twelve tribes, of which the more important are those of the Shoshones, the Utes (Fig. [40]), the Piutes or Pai-Utes, and the Comanches. Buschmann (Die Spuren d. Aztek Sprache, etc., Berlin, 1859) was the first to draw attention to the affinity of their dialect with the Sonoran-Aztec linguistic group (see p. 535), while Gibbs (loc. cit., p. 224) was the first to point out their probable migration from the region situated between the Rocky Mountains and the Great Lakes towards the deserts of the Great Basin. Brinton (Amer. Race, p. 119) confirms this observation, arriving at his conclusion from new facts.
[618] It should be mentioned that this brachycephaly is also found, even a little more accentuated, in the skulls which Mr. Cushing and the members of the Hemenway expedition discovered in the ancient habitations of the Salado valley and in the Hanolawan pueblo, attributed to the not very remote ancestors of the Pueblos of the present day. These skulls are hyper-brachycephalic (mean ceph. ind. of 94 skulls, 89); they also exhibited an extraordinary frequency of the “Inca bone” (p. [67]), and several other osteological peculiarities, as, for instance, in the structure of the hyoid bone (p. [96]).
[619] Orozco y Berra, Geografia de las lenguas ... de Mexico, Mexico, 1864, with ethn. chart (which may still be profitably consulted).
[620] According to Brinton, the great Uto-Aztecan linguistic family is composed of three branches: Shoshonean (or Ute), Sonoran, and Nahuatlan (Aztec).