Also 問忘網望味物 are spoken mun‘, &c., and read vun‘, etc. In early Chinese these words all began with b.
73. L. J. The former of these, as used in our dialect, agrees with the native system, and with the northern mandarin, and calls for no remark except that a very few words as before noted belong to the upper series. See [Art. 56].
Under the initial j, are found all the Shánghái words in ni (c), and z (r), which are j, in Mandarin. E.g. 譆饒熱染日忍軟閏絨認撚 are spoken niáng, &c., and read záng, &c.
Thus,
- 人 niun, c. zun, r. jin, m. a man.
- 肉 nióh, c. zóh, r. júh, m. flesh.
Words that are semi-colloquial, or only used in combination retain z. E.g. 惹仁仍弱乳 are read and spoken ’zá, zun, etc.
Thus, 自然 zz‘ zén, c. and r. tsz‘ jen, m.
⁂ Words in z from sh, or s in mandarin, never change into ni. Thus, the natural separation between distinct classes of words is maintained, when their reading sounds are identical.
74. This class also includes r.h. The native tables make no difference between j and rh, and in some parts of China the initial j is in jih, sun, and some other words pronounced like r.
- 而且 rh ’t’siá, perhaps.