When thoroughly colloquialized, however, these words pass into ní, and must be placed under n or ng.
- 二 ní‘, c. rh‘ r. two.
- 兒子 ní ’tsz, or ng ’tsz, c. rh, r. son.
- 耳朶 ’ní ’tú, c. rh tó, r. ears.
ii. Finals.
75. The Shánghái finals are about 60 in number. According to the native system, the whole of a word except the initial letter and the aspirate if there be one, is included in the final. In the Dictionaries, the finals, which unlike the initials differ but slightly from modern mandarin pronunciation, are less numerous. The 字彙 tsz‘ hwei‘ has 44. The short tones which should be considered independent rhymes are counted with the corresponding long ones, and thus the number is diminished. The first table in K’áng-hí has sixteen, and the second, twelve. Under each are several subdivisions. Another small and very convenient Dictionary, the 五方元音 ’Wú fáng yuen yin, taking the five tone mandarin dialect for its guide both in initials and finals, adopts twenty of the one, and twelve of the other, and arranges them under five tones. In reducing them to this small number, some violence is done to the sounds. All words beginning with a vowel, or ng are arranged under w and y. In the finals, expedients are also employed to diminish the number of headings.
76. In the finals, the departures from the mandarin type are numerous, but they are according to system, and the knowledge of one variation is usually a key to the pronunciation of many tens of other words. The variations are usually the same for one long tone as for all.
In the following table which consists of words without a diphthong, the first column contains the final according to Shánghái pronunciation; the second, all the examples of it having different rhymes in mandarin; the third, the mandarin spelling; and the fourth, the Shánghái reading sound.
| Finals. | Shánghái colloquial. | Mandarin. | Shánghái reading sound. |
| á | 拉 lá (upper series) | lá | |
| 拜 pá‘ | pái | pé | |
| 家 ká | kiá | kiá | |
| 解 ’ká | kiái, kiè | kiá | |
| 快 k’á | k‘wai | k‘wé | |
| 惹 ’zá | jé | ||
| ah | 法 fah | fáh, fá | |
| 瞎 hah | hiáh, hiá | ||
| 隔 kah | kuh, kó | kuh | |
| ák | 百 pák | puh, ’pá | puh |
| 若 zák | jóh, jó‘ | ||
| 目 mák, mok | múh, mú‘ | mok | |
| 石 zák | shǐh,[1] ] sh | ||
| an | 但 tan‘ | tán | |
| 簡 ’kan | kian | kíen | |
| áng | 張 tsáng | cháng | |
| 生 sáng | sung | sung | |
| 宕 táng‘ | táng | tong | |
| 行 háng, yung | hing, háng | ||
| au | 好 ’hau | háú | |
| 下 ’hau, hó | hiá‘ | yá | |
| 呌 kau‘ | kiáú | kiau | |
| é | 海 ’hé | hái | |
| 雷 lé | lei, lui | ||
| 衰 sé | shwái | ||
| 倍 pé‘ | pei | ||
| eh | 雜 dzeh | tsáh,[2] ]tsá | |
| 實 zeh | shih,[3] ]sh | ||
| 沒 meh | múh,[4] ]mú | ||
| 說 seh | shwoh | söh | |
| 活 weh | hwóh,[5] ]hwó | ||
| én | 半 pén‘ | pwán | |
| 船 zén | ch’uen | ||
| 善 ’zén | shen | ||
| eu | 溝 keu | keú | |
| í | 理 ’lí | lí | |
| 非 fí | fei | ||
| 去 k’í‘ | k’ü | k’ü | |
| 死 ’si | sz | sz | |
| 些 sí | sie | ||
| ih | 立 lih | lih, lí‘ | |
| 切 ts’ih | ts’ieh, t’sié | ||
| 雪 sih | siöh, ’sió | ||
| 恤 sih | siuh, sió | ||
| ing | 循 dzing | siün | |
| 心 sing | sin | ||
| 信 sing‘ | sing | ||
| ó | 怕 p’ó‘ | p’á | |
| 遮 tsó | ché | tsó | |
| 赦 só‘ | shé | sé | |
| öh | 奪 töh | tóh,[6] ]tó | |
| ók | 獨 tóh | túh,[7] ]tú | |
| 木 móh, mok | múh, mú | ||
| 國 kóh, kweh | kwóh,[8] ]kwó | ||
| ok | 薄 pók, pok | póh,[9] ] pó | |
| 樂 lok | lóh, ló‘ | ||
| 角 kok, kók | kióh, chió | kiák | |
| ön | 端 dön (upper series) | twán | |
| 岸 ngön‘ | ngán | ||
| óng | 松 sóng, súng | sóng, súng | |
| ong | 喪 song | sáng | |
| 雙 song | shwáng | ||
| 夢 mong | móng, múng | móng | |
| 紅 ’kong | kiáng | kiáng | |
| ú | 所 ’sú | só | |
| 大 tú‘ | tá | tá | |
| 古 ’kú | kú | ||
| ü | 句 kü‘ | kü | |
| 歸 kü | kwei | kwé | |
| û (ü) | 主 ’tsû tsü | chú | |
| uk | 直 dzuk | chih,[10] ]ch | |
| ûe (üe) | 雖 sûe (ü) | súi | |
| un (ng) | 根 kun (g) | kun | |
| 身 sun (g) | shin (un) | ||
| 尊 tsun (g) | tsün | ||
| ûn | 杆 kûn | kán | |
| 算 sûn‘ | swán | ||
| óng (ú) | 龍 lóng (ú) | lóng (ú) | |
| ung | 亨 hung | hung | |
| 門 mung (n) | mun | ||
| m | 無 vú, m | wú | vú |
| ng | 恒 hng | hung | |
| rh | 而 rh | rh | |
| sz | 思 詩 sz | sz, sh and shí | |
| 鼠 ’sz | shú | sû | |
| 水 ’sz | shúi | sûe | |
| 76. The intermediate vowel i forms the following finals:— | |||
| iá | 邪 siá | sié | sié |
| iah | 甲 kah | kiáh, kiá | kiah |
| iák | 畧 liah | lióh, liáú‘ | |
| ian | 念 nian‘ | nien | |
| iau | 教 kiau‘ | kiáu | |
| iáng | 强 ’k’iang | k’iáng | |
| ié | 且 ’t’siá | t’sié | t’síe |
| íen | 選 síen | siuen | |
| 田 tíen | t’ien | ||
| 全 dzen | t’siuen | dzíen | |
| ieu | 求 kieu | k‘ieú | |
| 宿 sieu | süh | ||
| iih | 熱 nyih | jeh | zeh |
| ióh | 曲 k’óh | k’iúh, ’k’ü | |
| iöh | 月 niöh | yueh | yöh |
| iön | 權 kiön | k’iuen | |
| ióng | 窮 kióng | k’iong (ú) | |
| 官 kióng | kúng | kóng | |
| iú | 靴 hiú | hiö | |
| iuk | 逆 niuk | nih | |
| iun (ng) | 勤 kiun (ng) | k’in | |
| iung (n) | 今 kiung (n) | kin | |
| 京 kiung | king | ||
| iúng | 兄 h’iúng | h’iung | |
| iün | 訓 h’iün‘ | h’iün | |
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] When there are two modes of spelling in the column of mandarin pronunciation, the second is taken from the work 小氏音鑑 which contains the Peking pronunciation of words in the short tone, spelled according to the syllabic system. Those to which on asterisk is prefixed are all in the lower first tone.
77. The other intermediate vowels u, occurring only after k, g, forms the following finals:—
| Finals. | Shánghái colloquial. | Mandarin. | Shánghái reading sound. |
| uá | 乖 kwá | kwái | kwé |
| uah | 括 kwah | kwáh | |
| nan | 關 kwan | kwán | |
| wén | 官 kwén | kwán | |
| wó | 瓜 kwó | kwá | |
| wok | 槨 kwok | kwóh, ’kwó | |
| wong | 光 kwong | kwáng | |
| wun (ng) | 滾 kwun (ng) | kwun |