一囘 ih wé‘, one time.囘來 wé lé, come back.
磨子 mú‘ ’tsz, a mill.磨麥 mú máh, grind wheat.
牽繩 k’íen‘ zung, towing-rope,牽船 k’íen zén, tow a boat.
鐵釘 t’ih ting, iron nail.釘牢 ting‘ lau, nail fast.
應該 yung ké, ought.應許 yung‘ ’hü, a promise.
想帮 siáng pong, to assist.宰相 tsé‘ siáng‘, chief mandn.

Obs. The superior comma on the right shows where the words whose tone varies should receive the quick rising tone, or Shánghái k’u shing.

Gender. 122. Gender is expressed by auxiliary words set apart for the purpose. It being thus merely an instance of adjectives and substantives in apposition, the arrangement requires the words descriptive of sex (男 nén, 女 ’nü), or gender (雌 t’sz, 雄 yióng) to precede.

[ [1] In the books yóng, t’sz, are restricted to birds, and 牝 ping‘ and 牡 meu‘ to animals. In the colloquial of this part of China, the pair of words above are used in all cases.

123. Among the words used in the Shánghái dialect to express family relationship are the following:—

爹爹 tiá tiá, father.姊夫 tsí fú, brother-in-law.
阿媽 ah ’má, mother.孫女 sun ’nü, grand daughter.
阿奶 ah ’ná, grandmother.外甥 ngá‘ sáng, sister’s son.
伯伯 páh páh, eldest uncle.女壻 ’nü sih, son-in-law.
爺叔 yá sóh, younger do.姑媽 kú mó, husband’s sister.
娘舅 niáng gieu‘, mother’s brother.姑娘 kú niáng, father’s sister.
丈人 dzáng‘ niun, father-in-law.阿姨 ah í, wife’s sister.
丈姆 dzáng‘ m, mother-in-law.阿嫂 ah sau, brother’s wife.
媳婦 sing vú, daughter-in-law.阿姪 ah dzeh, brother’s son.
阿姊 ah tsí, elder sister.外公 ngá‘ kóng, mother’s father.
妹妹 mé‘ mé‘,younger do.外婆 ngá bú, mother’s mother.

Number. 124. The form of the substantives in the singular and plural is the same. The auxiliary adjectives and adverbs used to express plurality are placed some before and some after their words. Tsóng‘, tú hau‘ ’hau ’kí, and tá precede their noun. Dzén, t’óh, invariably follow their words.

125. 衆 tsóng‘ precedes its noun and expresses universality.