Talks on Manures / A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject

by Joseph Harris

Name of Fertilizer.	W	OS	A	N	P	S	L	M	PhA	SA	S&S	C&F
I.—Animal Excrements.(In 1000 parts of Manure.)
Fresh Fæces:
Horse	757	211	31.6	4.4	3.5	0.6	1.5	1.2	3.5	0.6	19.6	0.2
Cattle	838	145	17.2	2.9	1.0	0.2	3.4	1.3	1.7	0.4	7.2	0.2
Sheep	655	314	31.1	5.5	1.5	1.0	4.6	1.5	3.1	1.4	17.5	0.3
Swine	820	150	30.0	6.0	2.6	2.5	0.9	1.0	4.1	0.4	15.0	0.3
Fresh Urine:
Horse	901	71	28.0	15.5	15.0	2.5	4.5	2.4	..	0.6	0.8	1.5
Cattle	938	35	27.4	5.8	4.9	6.4	0.1	0.4	..	1.3	0.3	3.8
Sheep	872	83	45.2	19.5	22.6	5.4	1.6	3.4	0.1	3.0	0.1	6.5
Swine	967	28	15.0	4.3	8.3	2.1	..	0.8	0.7	0.8	..	2.3
Fresh Dung (with straw:)*
Horse	713	254	32.6	5.8	5.3	1.0	2.1	1.4	2.8	0.7	17.7	0.4
Cattle	775	203	21.8	3.4	4.0	1.4	3.1	1.1	1.6	0.6	8.5	1.0
Sheep	646	318	35.6	8.3	6.7	2.2	3.3	1.8	2.3	1.5	14.7	1.7
Swine	724	250	25.6	4.5	6.0	2.0	0.8	0.9	1.9	0.8	10.8	1.7
Common Barn-yard Manure:
Fresh	710	246	44.1	4.5	5.2	1.5	5.7	1.4	2.1	1.2	12.5	1.5
Moderately rotted	750	192	58.0	5.0	6.3	1.9	7.0	1.8	2.6	1.6	16.8	1.9
Thoroughly rotted	790	145	65.0	5.8	5.0	1.3	8.8	1.8	3.0	1.3	17.0	1.6
Drainage from Barn-yard Manure	982	7	10.7	1.5	4.9	1.0	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.7	0.2	1.2
Human Fæces, fresh	772	198	29.9	10.0	2.5	1.6	6.2	3.6	10.9	0.8	1.9	0.4
Human Urine, fresh	963	24	13.5	6.0	2.0	4.6	0.2	0.2	1.7	0.4	..	5.0
Mixed human excrements, fresh	933	51	16.0	7.0	2.1	3.8	0.9	0.6	2.6	0.5	0.2	4.0
Mixed human excrements, mostly liquid	955	30	15.0	3.5	2.0	3.0	1.0	0.6	2.8	0.4	0.2	4.3
Dove Manure, fresh	519	308	173.0	17.6	10.0	0.7	16.0	5.0	17.8	3.3	20.2	..
Hen Manure, fresh	560	255	185.0	16.3	8.5	1.0	24.0	7.4	15.4	4.5	35.2	..
Duck Manure, fresh	566	262	172.0	10.0	6.2	0.5	17.0	3.5	14.0	3.5	28.0	..
Geese Manure, fresh	771	134	95.0	5.5	9.5	1.3	8.4	2.0	5.4	1.4	14.0	..
II.—Commercial Manures.(In 100 parts of Fertilizer.)
Peruvian Guano	14.8	51.4	33.8	13.0	2.3	1.4	11.0	1.2	13.0	1.0	1.7	1.3
Norway Fish-Guano	12.6	53.4	34.0	9.0	0.3	0.9	15.4	0.6	13.5	0.3	1.6	1.1
Poudrette	24.0	27.0	49.0	2.0	0.9	1.0	18.6	0.5	2.1	1.0	5.4	1.5
Pulverized Dead Animals	5.7	56.9	37.4	6.5	0.3	0.8	18.2	0.4	13.9	1.0	1.7	0.2
Flesh-Meal	27.8	56.6	15.6	9.7	..	..	7.0	0.3	6.3	0.1	1.1	..
Dried Blood	14.0	79.0	7.0	11.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.1	1.0	0.4	2.1	0.4
Horn-Meal and Shavings	8.5	68.5	25.0	10.2	..	..	6.6	0.3	5.5	0.9	11.0	..
Bone-Meal	6.0	33.3	60.7	3.8	0.2	0.3	31.3	1.0	23.2	0.1	3.5	0.3
Bone-Meal from solid parts	5.0	31.5	63.5	3.5	0.1	0.2	33.0	1.0	25.2	0.1	3.0	0.2
Bone-Meal from soft parts	7.0	37.3	55.7	4.0	0.2	0.3	29.0	1.0	20.0	0.1	3.5	0.2
Bone-black, before used	6.0	10.0	84.0	1.0	0.1	0.3	43.0	1.1	32.0	0.4	5.0	..
Bone-black, spent	10.0	6.0	84.0	0.5	0.1	0.2	37.0	1.1	26.0	0.4	15.0	..
Bone ash	6.0	3.0	91.0	..	0.3	0.6	46.0	1.2	35.4	0.4	6.5	..
Baker Guano	10.0	9.2	81.0	0.5	0.2	1.2	41.5	1.5	34.8	1.5	0.8	0.3
Jarvis Guano	11.8	8.2	80.0	0.4	0.4	0.3	39.1	0.5	20.6	18.0	0.5	0.2
Estremadura Apatite	0.6	..	..	..	0.7	0.3	48.1	0.1	37.6	0.2	9.0	1.5
Sombrero Phosphate	8.5	..	91.5	0.1	..	0.8	43.5	0.6	35.0	0.5	1.0	0.6
Navassa Phosphate	2.6	5.4	92.0	0.1	..	..	37.5	0.6	33.2	0.5	5.0	0.1
Nassau Phosphorite, rich	2.6	..	97.4	..	0.8	0.4	45.1	0.2	33.0	0.3	5.5	3.1
Nassau Phosphorite, medium	2.5	..	97.5	..	0.7	0.4	40.1	0.2	24.1	..	20.8	1.5
Westphalian Phosphorite	6.5	1.6	91.8	..	..	..	21.8	0.9	19.7	1.0	22.0	1.6
Hanover Phosphorite	2.0	3.5	94.5	..	..	..	37.2	0.2	29.2	0.5	3.3	1.5
Coprolites	4.3	..	95.7	..	1.0	0.5	45.4	1.0	26.4	0.8	7.5	0.1
Sulphate of Ammonia	4.0	..	..	20.0	..	..	0.5	..	..	58.0	3.0	1.4
Nitrate of Soda	2.6	..	..	15.5	..	35.0	0.2	..	..	0.7	1.5	1.7
Wool-dust and offal	10.0	56.0	34.0	5.2	0.3	0.1	1.4	0.3	1.3	0.5	29.0	0.2
Lime-cake	6.5	47.0	46.5	3.1	..	..	20.5	2.4	3.0	..	8.0	..
Whale-oil refuse	23.0	68.4	8.6	5.7	..	..	3.0	0.2	2.3	..	3.0	..
Common Salt	5.0	..	95.0	..	..	44.3	1.2	0.2	..	1.4	2.0	48.2
Gypsum or Plaster	20.0	..	80.8	..	..	..	31.0	0.1	..	44.0	4.0	..
Gas-lime	7.0	1.3	91.7	0.4	0.2	..	64.5	1.5	..	12.5	3.0	..
Sugar-House Scum	34.5	24.5	41.0	1.2	0.2	0.6	20.7	0.3	1.5	0.3	9.1	0.1
Leached wood ashes	20.0	5.0	75.0	..	2.5	1.3	24.5	2.5	6.0	0.3	20.0	..
Wood-soot	5.0	71.8	23.2	1.3	2.4	0.5	10.0	1.5	0.4	0.3	4.0	..
Coal-soot	5.0	70.2	24.8	2.5	0.1	..	4.0	1.5	..	1.7	16.0	..
Ashes from Deciduous trees	5.0	5.0	90.0	..	10.0	2.5	30.0	5.0	6.5	1.6	18.0	0.3
Ashes from Evergreen trees	5.0	5.0	90.0	..	6.0	2.0	35.0	6.0	4.5	1.6	18.0	0.3
Peat-ashes	5.0	..	95.0	..	1.5	0.8	?	1.5	0.6	1.3	?	0.2
Bituminous coal-ashes	5.0	..	95.0	..	0.5	0.4	?	3.2	0.2	3.5	?	..
Anthracite coal-ashes	5.0	5.0	90.0	..	0.1	0.1	?	3.0	0.1	5.0	?	..
III.—Superphosphate,from
Peruvian Guano	16.0	41.9	42.1	10.0	2.0	1.2	9.5	1.0	10.5	15.0	1.5	1.1
Baker Guano	15.0	6.2	78.8	0.3	0.1	0.8	25.9	0.9	21.8	28.5	0.9	0.2
Estremadura Apatite	15.0	..	85.0	..	0.4	0.2	28.2	0.1	22.1	28.5	5.3	0.9
Sombrero Phosphate	15.0	..	85.0	..	..	0.5	26.4	0.4	20.2	25.5	0.6	0.4
Navassa Phosphate	15.0	2.5	82.5	..	..	?	17.0	0.3	15.4	19.5	2.3	?
Nassau Phosphorite,	15.0	..	85.0	..	0.5	0.2	26.5	0.1	19.4	25.5	3.2	1.8
Nassau Phosphorite, medium	12.0	..	88.0	..	0.3	0.1	24.2	0.1	16.6	19.5	13.5	1.3
Bone-black	15.0	8.0	77.0	0.3	..	0.1	25.0	0.7	16.2	21.0	9.3	..
Bone-Meal	13.0	23.8	63.2	2.0	0.1	0.2	22.4	0.7	16.6	19.5	2.5	0.2
Phospho-guano (manufactured.)	15.5	13.0	80.3	3.3	0.3	0.4	24.0	..	20.5	28.8	3.0	0.9

* It is estimated that in the case of horses, cattle, and swine, one-third of the urine drains away. The following is the amount of wheat-straw used daily as bedding for each animal. Horse, 6 lbs.; Cattle, 8 lbs.; Swine, 4 lbs., and sheep, 0.6 lbs.

2.—TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INGREDIENTS IN SOME MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.

DS Dry Substance. N Nitrogen. A Ash. P Potash.

L Lime. M Magnesia. PhA Phosphoric Acid.

Name of Material.	DS	N	A	P	L	M	PhA
	lbs.	lbs.	lbs.	lbs.	lbs.	lbs.	lbs.
1.—Brewing.
1000 lbs. Barley, contain	855	15.2	22.23	4.48	0.58	1.92	7.71
15 lbs. Hops contain	13.2	..	1.00	0.345	0.167	0.056	0.168
Distribution of the Ingredients:
Water	..	..	1.23	0.852	0.039	0.045	0.234
Malt-Sprouts	33	1.38	2.43	0.749	0.069	0.066	0.653
Brewers’ Grains	269	8.74	13.08	0.580	1.474	1.134	3.631
Spent Hops	9	..	0.54	0.032	0.160	0.055	0.062
Yeast	30	2.94	2.27	0.643	0.097	0.185	1.349
Beer	..	2.14	3.65	1.998	..	0.484	0.939
2.—Distillery.
a. 1000 lbs. Potatoes, contain	250	3.2	9.43	5.69	0.24	0.44	1.63
40 lbs. Kiln-Malt	37	0.56	1.06	0.184	0.040	0.088	0.388
20 lbs. Yeast-Malt	18.5	0.28	0.53	0.092	0.020	0.044	0.194
The Slump, contains	125	4.04	11.02	5.966	0.300	0.572	2.212
(b.) Grain Spirits.
800 lbs. Rye, contain	684	14.08	14.32	4.501	0.376	1.648	6.710
200 lbs. Kiln-Malt, contain	184	2.82	5.12	0.883	0.195	0.429	1.526
50 lbs. Yeast-Malt, contain	46	0.71	1.28	0.221	0.049	0.107	0.382
The Slump, contains	443	17.61	20.72	5.605	0.620	2.184	8.618
3.—Yeast Manufacture.
700 lbs. bruised Rye, contain	599	12.32	12.53	3.941	0.329	1.444	5.876
300 lbs. Barley-Malt, contain	276	4.23	7.67	1.325	0.293	0.643	2.801
Distribution of the Ingredients:
Yeast	45	4.60	3.41	1.273	0.192	0.367	2.672
Grains and Slump	325	11.95	16.79	3.993	0.430	1.720	6.005
4.—Starch Manufacture.
1000 lbs. Potatoes, contain	250	3.20	9.43	5.69	0.24	0.44	1.63
The remains in the Fibre	75	0.60	0.51	0.086	0.266	0.042	0.133
The remains in the Water	45	2.60	8.89	5.604	..	0.398	1.497
5.—Milling.
1000 lbs. Wheat, contain	857	20.80	16.88	5.26	0.57	2.02	7.94
Distribution of the Ingredients:
Flour (77.5 per cent)	664	14.65	5.50	1.980	0.154	0.458	2.862
Mill-feed ( 6.5 per cent)	58	1.64	1.80	0.648	0.050	0.148	0.936
Bran(16.0 per cent)	135	4.51	9.60	2.762	0.396	1.394	4.102
6.—Cheese-Making.
1000 lbs. Milk, contain	125	4.80	6.10	1.505	1.333	0.186	1.735
Distribution of the Ingredients:
Cheese	65	4.53	2.84	0.247	0.687	0.028	1.515
Whey	60	0.27	3.26	1.258	0.646	0.158	0.584
7.—Beet-Sugar Manufacture.
1000 lbs. Roots, contain	184	1.60	7.10	3.914	0.379	0.536	0.780
Distribution of the Ingredients:
Tops and Tails (12 per cent of roots)	19	0.24	1.15	0.336	0.108	0.132	0.144
Pomace (15 per cent of roots)	46	0.44	1.71	0.585	0.390	0.105	0.165
Skimmings (4 per cent of roots)	24	0.60	1.20	0.380	8.640	0.240	0.384
Molasses (3 per cent of roots)	25	0.32	2.47	1.741	0.141	0.009	0.015
Sugar and loss	85	..	0.57	0.872	..	0.040	0.072
8. Flax Dressing.
1000 lbs. Flax-Stalks, contain	860	..	30.36	9.426	6.751	1.995	3.990
Distribution of the Ingredients:
In the Water	215	..	25.15	9.175	4.100	1.850	3.400
Stems or Husks	460	..	4.03	0.171	2.052	0.096	0.474
Flax and Tow	155	..	1.22	0.054	0.648	0.054	0.126

[INDEX.]

Absorptive Powers of Soils,	[217]
Ammonia Absorbed by Soil from the Atmosphere,	[219]
Ammonia and Superphosphate,	[242]
Ammonia, and Weeds,	[254]
Ammonia, Converted into Nitric Acid in the Soil,	[313]
Ammonia, for Oats,	[253]-[254]
Ammonia, for Potatoes,	[261]
Ammonia, for Wheat,	[192]-[213]
Ammonia, in Fresh Horse-dung,	[96]
Ammonia, in Limed and Unlimed Soils,	[220]
Ammonia, in the Soil Liberated by Lime,	[221]
Ammonia, Locked Up in the Soil,	[221]
Ammonia, Loss of by Fermenting Manure,	[98]
Ammonia, on Grass Land,	[273]
Ammonia, Potential,	[31]
Ammonia, Quantity of to Produce One Bushel of Wheat,	[211]-[212]
Ammonia, Required to Produce a Bushel of Barley,	[240]-[242]
Ammonia, Retained by the Soil,	[218]
Ammonia, Salts, Composition of,	[312]
Ammonia Salts, How to Apply,	[286]-[312]
Ammonia Salts, for Private Gardens,	[297]
Anderson, J. M. B., Letter from,	[345]
Animals, Composition of Manure from Different,	[306]
Animals, What They Remove from the Food,	[301]
Apple Trees, Nitrate of Soda for,	[314]
Artificial Manures, Will They Pay,	[214]
Ashes, Burnt Earth,	[72]
Ashes, Coal,	[72]
Ashes, for Barley,	[241]
Ashes, for Indian Corn,	[279]
Ashes, for Oats,	[253]
Ashes, for Potatoes,	[259]
Ashes, of Manure for Wheat,	[173]
Ashes, on Long Island,	[346]
Ashes, Plaster and Hen-dung for Potatoes,	[255]
Ashes, Wood,	[104]

Barley After Ten Crops of Turnips,	[250]
Barley, a Large Yield of,	[242]
Barley, and Clover after a heavily-manured Root-crop,	[287]
Barley, Best Soil for,	[227]
Barley, Cost of Raising With and Without Manure,	[245]
Barley, Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on,	[227]
Barley, Potash Increases the Crop of at Rothamsted,	[329]
Barley, Profits of Raising in Poor Seasons,	[243]
Barley, Quality and Price of,	[242]
Barley, Yield Per Acre,	[11]
Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of,	[246]
Bean-straw for Manure,	[48]
Beets, Sugar, Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on,	[288]
Beets, Sugar, Manure for,	[286]
Blood,	[32]
Bone-dust,	[314]
Bone-dust, Composition of Compared with Stable Manure,	[316]
Bone-dust, Fermented with Manure,	[316]
Bone-dust, Made into Superphosphate,	[319]
Bone-dust, on Dairy Farms,	[315]
Bones as Manure,	[102]
Bran,	[26]
Bran, for Manure,	[102]
Bran, Richer in Plant-food than Wheat,	[301]
Brewer, Prof. W. H., Letter from,	[341]