The Puering, Bating & Drenching of Skins

by Joseph Turney Wood

Chemical methods of bating may be used for leathers like chrome and alum leather, but even here natural processes like drenching, in which acids are produced gradually during the working of the skins, give more beautiful results. With vegetable tanning materials, the advantage is still on the side of the natural processes when these are conducted in a proper manner.

Finally, the author regrets that the subject of the work is not an inspiring and lofty one, such as is astronomy for example.[186] Limited in extent, imperfect in execution, and in parts only suggestive in character, this little book may perhaps serve as a foundation, on which students of the science of tanning may raise the superstructure of their own experience and eventually perfect the processes touched upon, so that the use of such filthy materials may be entirely avoided. In that case the author’s intention will be fulfilled.

FINIS

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INDEX.

Absorption phenomena, [70]
Abt, Dr. G., [51], [72]
Acid “turning” of drench, [237]
Acids, action of, [156]
— fractionating, [270]
— deliming with, [9]
— in drench, [265]
— to remove lime, cost of, [11]
Adulteration in dog-dung, detecting, [144]
Agglutinin, [144]
Alum, a term for puer, [3]
“Alumed” calf skins, [3]
Amend’s bate, [193]
Amido compounds, [156]
Amines, [163], [206]
— in dung, [154]
Ammonia in puer liquors, [41]
Ammonium phosphate, [45]
Analyses, bird excreta, [53]
— dog dung, [26], [150], [152]
— drench, [249]
— gas, [247]
— grains, [7]
— guano, [150]
— hen dung, [150]
— puer, [26]
— ultimate, of dung, [153]
Andreasch, F., [244]
Anti-bodies, [143]
Anti-calcium, [236]
Arginase, [133]
Artificial drench, [263]
Ash of skin, [39]
Authors, list of, [290]
Bacillus butyricus, [112]
— c, [172]
— Coli commune, [94]
— d, [106], [173], [174]
— e, [107], [173]
— erodiens, [97]
— from pigeon dung bate, [172]
Bacteria, action of, [160]
— bate, examination of, [87]
— bran, pure culture of, [269]
— dung, [89], [98], [102], [161]
— growth in various media, [105]
— pigeon dung, [103]
— putrefactive, [125]
— “Sweating,” [105], [213]
Bacterial diastase, [131]
Bacterium furfuris, [241], [264], [269]
— termo, [118]
Barium salts from pure cultures of B. furfuris, [271]
— — of volatile acids, [253]
Bate, Amend’s, [193]
— Becker’s patent, [227]
— bird dung, [52]
— Boehringer’s patent, [197]
— concentration of salts in, [47]
— Dermiforma, [189]
— Eberle’s patent, [221]
— Erodin, [179]
— Esco, [192]
— examination of bacteria in, [87]
— glucose, [179]
— Lederer’s, [196]
— Nordlinger’s, [195]
— Norris’s, [194]
Bate, Nowak’s patent, [194]
— Oake’s, [195]
— Oropon, [140], [186], [219]
— phosphates in, [43]
— pigeon dung, [103]
— Phosphorbutyralin, [195]
— Popp and Becker’s patent, [197]
— Puerine, [190]
— Purgatol, [192]
— reducing action of, [152]
— Röhm’s patent, [219]
— Simon’s, [195]
— solid matter, influence of, [176]
— soluble matter of, [176]
— Sucanine, [191]
— Tiffany’s, [179]
— Wood’s American patent, [210]
— — English patent, [205]
— Zollikoffer’s, [178]
Bayliss, Dr. W. M., [127]
Béchamp, [280]
Betulase, [132]
Becker’s patent, [227]
Bibliography, [282]
Bile, [31]
— action of, [159]
— colouring matters, [30]
— salts, effect on puer, [46]
— — — — lipase, [142]
Bird dung bate, [52]
— excreta, composition of, [53]
Boehringer’s patent, [194]
Bone meal, [196]
Books of reference, [89], [282]
Bran bacteria, [240]
— — pure cultures of, [269]
— composition of, [257]
— drench, [233]
— — non-volatile bodies in, [254]
— — products of fermentation, [247]
— — sweet, [263]
— — volatile bodies in, [249]
— ferments, action on starch, [258]
Brown, Adrian J. Prof., [274]
Butyric acid, [11]
— — fermentation, [111]
Calcium in enzymes, [136]
— phosphate, [45]
Carlsberg vessel, [170], [214]
Caroubinase, [132]
Casease, [132]
Castor-oil seed, [188], [232]
Catalysts, [127]
Cellulose fermentation, [110]
Cerealin, [245], [260]
Chemical composition of puer, [24]
— deliming, [5]
Chloroform, use of, in pancreatin solution, [151]
Cholesterol, [30]
Collagen, [56]
Colloidal state, [57], [137]
Concentration of salts in bate, [47]
Condenser, Abbe’s, [87], [88]
— dark ground, [87]
Conductivity of puer liquors, [80], [81]
Copenhagen conference, [180]
Cultivation of bating bacteria, [199]
Culture medium, [105], [207]
Cytase, [132]
Deliming, chemical, [5]
Density of skin, [60]
Dermiforma, [189]
Dextrin, [259], [261]
Diastase, [128], [131], [132]
— Krawkov’s method of preparing, [135]
Diastatic enzymes, [235]
Digestive ferments, [148]
— juices, [230]
Dog dung, analyses of, [26], [150], [152]
— bacteria in, [89], [98]
— detecting adulteration of, [144]
— fresh, bacteria in, [102]
— influence of food on, [28], [95], [153]
— method of analysis, [25]
Dog dung, separating enzymes from, [134]
— trypsin in, [134]
Doerr and Reinhardt’s laboratory, [32]
Drench, acid “turning” of, [237]
— acids in, [156]
— action of, [233], [242], [245]
— artificial, [263]
— bacteria in, [239]
— damage, [236]
— fermentations of, [238]
— gases from, [242], [248]
— glucoses in, [261]
— “pinholey,” [238]
— putrid “turning” of, [237]
— sweet bran, [235]
Dressing hides, [19]
Drop culture, [87]
Dung analyses, [26], [150], [152], [153]
— mineral matter of, [153]
Eberle, G., [13]
Eberle’s patent, [221]
Effront, Dr., [11]
Eitner, [242], [244]
Electrometric apparatus, [76]
— method, [33], [49]
Emulsin, [132]
Enzymatic bates, [197]
Enzymes, action of, [145]
— — of serum on, [144]
— — on skin, [140]
— calcium in, [136]
— defined, [127]
— diastatic, [235]
— from bacteria, [131]
— hydrolysing, [132]
— in dog’s dung, [137]
— lipolytic, [145]
— manganese in, [136]
— preparation of, [134], [164]
— proteolytic, [145]
Erepsin, [133], [142]
Erodin, [179]
Erodin, stock liquor, [182]
Esco, [192]
Esters, synthesis of, [127]
Ethyl butyrate, [165]
Ethylamine butyrate, [42]
— lactate, [42]
— propionate, [42]
Fahrion, Dr., [52]
Falling, [67]
— apparatus for measuring degree of, [82]
Fat in puer, [25], [30]
— in skins, [16]
Feeding of dogs, [28], [95]
Fermentation in the leather industry, [147]
— nitrogen from, [279]
Ferments, digestive, [148]
— gall, [224]
— hydrolysing, [132]
— imino-lytic, [133]
— oxidizing, [133]
— oxylytic, [133]
Flagellæ, staining of, [94]
“Flaked” grain, [149]
Formic Acid, [9]
Fractionating acids, [250]
Frankland and Frew, [249]
Gall ferments, [224]
Gamgee, [281]
Gas analysis, [247]
Gases from drench, [242], [248]
— from pure cultures, [275]
— intestinal, [281]
Gayon, [280]
Gelatin, [56]
— density of, [63]
— glucose, [267]
— molecular weight of, [56]
— peptonized, [168]
Glucose bate, [179]
— gelatin, [267]
Glucoses in drench, [261]
Glycerin, [141]
Goat skins, [183]
— — bating of, [231]
Guano, analysis of, [150]
Golding, J., [175]
“Grains,” analysis of, [7]
Harness backs, [17]
Hauff, J., [236]
Hen dung, analysis of, [150]
Hexoses, [125]
Hide-powder, density of, [66]
Hides, bating of, [17]
Houston, Dr., [93], [94], [97]
Hydrogen from drench, [239]
Hydrogen-ion concentration, [74], [79]
Hydrochloric acid, use in deliming, [11]
Hydrolysis, [128]
— velocity of, [130]
Hydrolysing enzymes, [132]
Immendorf, [280]
Imino-lactic ferments, [133]
Indol, [95], [106]
Infusoria, [123]
Intestinal gases, [281]
— juice, [225], [228]
Inulase, [132]
Jean, F., [41]
Jones, Arnold Seymour, [75], [133]
Kaolin, [176]
Kathreiner, F., [46], [236]
— bate trials by, [183], [184]
Koch’s Jahresbericht, [125]
Körner, Dr. Th., [67], [167]
Kossel, Dr. A., [170]
— and Dakin, [133]
Kral, Prof., xv
Kühl, Dr. H., [236]
Laccase, [133], [135]
— manganese in, [135]
Lactase, [132]
Lactic acid, [10]
— — from B. furfuris, [272]
Lamb, M. C., [9]
Law’s volumenometer, [61]
Lecithin, [141]
Lederer’s bate, [196]
Lime in sheep grains, [23], [37]
— in puer liquors, [36], [40], [44]
— soaps, [16]
Limed skin, [5], [7]
Lion’s dung, [29]
Lipase, [132], [141]
— effect of bile salts on, [142]
Lipolytic enzymes, [145]
Liquor pancreaticus, [189]
Malase, [133]
Maltase, [132]
Manganese in enzymes, [136]
Mastering, a term for puer, [3]
Mercaptans, [46]
Measuring truck, [8]
Meggitt, Loxley, [171]
Metchnikoff, [93]
Mineral matter of dung, [153]
Minot, Prof., [81]
Mixed cultures, [173]
Molecular weight of gelatin, [56]
Monads, [123]
Morocco leather, [3]
Moulds, [114], [126]
Müller, [72]
Muscle, contraction of, [73]
Myrosin, [132]
Myxomycetes, [116]
Nencki, [107]
Nitrogen from fermentation, [279]
— in bran, [234]
— in puer liquors, [48]
Nitrites, use of, in bating, [193]
Non-electrolytes, influence of, [72]
Nördlinger’s bate, [194]
Nowak’s patent, [194]
Nuclein, [114]
Oake’s bate, [195]
Oenoxydase, [133]
Olease, [133]
Organic acids, use in deliming, [13]
— — in puer, [155]
Oropon, [140], [186], [219]
Osmosis, [58]
Osmotic pressure, [59], [167]
O’Sullivan, J., [244]
— and Thompson, [128]
Oxalic acid fermentation, [111]
“Oxidizing” skins, [193]
Oxydin, [133]
Oxylytic ferments, [133]
Paddle, [14]
Pancreas, [220]
Pancreatin, action on skin, [138], [151]
Papain, [132]
Parker, Dr. Gordon, xv, [11]
Pectase, [132]
Pentoses, [125]
Pepsin, [132]
— action on skin, [138]
Peptolytic ferments, [119]
Peptonized gelatin, [168]
Phosphates in the bate, [43]
Phosphorbutyralin, [195]
Pigeon dung, [103]
“Pinholey” drench, [238]
Plasmase, [132]
Plate cultures, [103]
Popp and Becker’s patent, [197]
Precipitin, [144]
Pribram, Dr., [73]
Procter, Prof. H. R., [10], [55], [205], [210]
Proteolytic enzymes, [145]
— ferments, [119]
Proteus bacteria, [118]
Puer, amido compounds in, [156]
— chemical composition of, [24]
— fat in, [25], [30]
— organic acids in, [155]
— quantity used, [15]
— reactions of, [31]
— wheel, [13]
Puerine, [190]
Puering, solution of skin substance in, [47]
Pure cultures of bran bacteria, [269]
Purgatol, [192]
Purin bases, [30]
Putrefaction, [116]
— See Nos. 58 to 78 of Bibliography, [282]
— mechanism of, [107]
— of meat, [120]
Putrefactive bacteria, [107]
Putrid “turning” of drench, [237]
Reaction of puer, [31]
Rennet, [128], [132]
Rhamnase, [132]
Rogers, Dr. Allen, [195]
Röhm’s patent, [219]
Ruge, [281]
Sabatier and Senderens, [127]
Salt solution, physiological, [87]
Salts solution, [267]
Sand, Dr., xv, [33], [81]
Schorlemmer, K., [186]
Scud, [51]
Scudding, [16]
— machine, [17]
Serum, action of, on enzymes, [144]
Shearling pelts, [183]
Shrewsbury, H. S., [166], [281]
Simon’s bate, [195]
Skatol, [46]
Skin substance, ash of, [39]
Skin substance, density of, [60]
— — fat in, [16]
— — solution of, [47], [51]
Soerensen, Prof., [43], [80]
Solid matter in bate, [73]
— — influence of, [175]
Soluble matter of bate, [176]
Soyka’s dilution method, [103]
Spirillum volutans, [112]
— delsulfuricans, [124]
Spongy leather, [238]
Staining and mounting, books on, [89]
— of flagellæ, [94]
Starch, action of bran ferments on, [259]
Steapsin, [132]
Stiasny, Prof. E., [282]
Sucanine, [191]
Sucrase, [128], [132]
Sulphuric acid, use in deliming, [11]
Sulphuretted hydrogen, [46]
“Sweating” bacteria, [105], [213]
Sweet bran drench, [235]
Swelling, [67]
— alkaline, [72]
Symbiosis, [269]
Synthesis of esters, [127]
Syntonin, [32]
Thio-acids, [196]
Tiffany’s bate, [179]
Toxins, [143]
Trehalase, [132]
Trent bridge laboratory, [107], [252]
Trimethyl-amine, [107], [252]
— butyrate, [42]
Trypsin, [132], [133]
Trypsin, in dog dung, [134]
Turney, Sir John, scudding machine, [17]
“Turning” of drench, [287]
Tyrosinase, [133]
Urea, [29]
Urease, [132]
Uric Acid, [29]
Velocity of hydrolysis, [130]
Volumenometer, [61]
— air, [67]
— Law’s, [61]
Wladika, J., [256]
Willcox, Dr. W. H., [243], [245]
Wood’s American patent, [210]
— English patent, [205]
Wool bacteria, [174]
Xylose, [125]
Yeast water, [259]
Yoghurt, [236]
Zinc, effect on growth of moulds, [113]
Zollikoffer’s bate, [178]
Zoogloæ, [242]
Zymase, [133]

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