Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achievements of Hispanic America.
1. Political:
a. Political and governmental stability.
b. Politics in practice and principle.
c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.
d. Restrictions of the ballot.
e. Professional men in politics.
f. Absence of political experience by the masses.
g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and political philosophy.
h. Appearance of new political issues.
i. Electoral reform: Argentina.
j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.
k. State or Church control over education.
l. Municipal government:
1. History of progress.
2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
m. Social legislation.
n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.
Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150; Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America; Heredia, Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela; books on individual countries.
2. Social and Religious:
A. Social:
1. Population:
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro.
3. Laboring classes and types: "vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;" industrial laborers.
4. Labor system and laws.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
5. Aristocratic and professional society.
6. Language.
7. Position of woman:
a. In society.
b. Family life.
c. The matter of divorce.
8. Amusements and social customs:
a. Sports and games.
b. Carnivals and festivals.
c. Dress and etiquette.
d. Gambling and lotteries.
e. Social customs in business.
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ——, Psychology of the Latin American (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon, 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, Mexico and the United States; Bingham, Across South America; books on individual countries and on travel; Bunge, Nuestra America; Colmo, America Latina.
B. Religious:
1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.
2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.
3. Clericalism in politics.
4. The work of the Church.
5. Toleration in Hispanic America.
6. Protestant missionary activities.
7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, The South Americans 41-44, 91-108, 152-169.
Additional Readings: Speer, South American Problems; Brown, Latin America; Neely, South America: Its Missionary Problem; Planchet, La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico.
3. Immigration:
a. History of immigration in the 19th century:
1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion; revolutions; greater inducements of the United States; economic reasons.
2. Increase since 1857.
Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration.
3. Drift toward the Southern republics.
4. Immigration in the North American republics.
b. Political and economic effects of immigration.
c. Effects on society.
d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English, French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian immigration.
e. Favorite occupations of aliens.
f. The question of assimilation and citizenship.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, The South Americans, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335.
Additional Readings: Atlas America Latina; Koebel, British Exploits, 481-551; Mulhall, The English in South America; Wintzer, Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika.
4. Financial:
a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America.
1. Standards and values.
2. Paper currency.
3. Fluctuations.
b. Capital and Banking:
1. Number of banks.
2. Domestic and foreign control of banking.
3. Branch banks:
a. European.
b. United States.
4. Scarcity of capital.
c. Hispanic-American finance.
1. Credits, exchange, solvency.
2. Stock exchanges.
3. Bond issues.
4. Public debts.
5. Sinking funds.
6. Insurance.
7. Trusts and corporations.
d. Foreign influences upon financial policies.
e. Business enterprises:
1. Habits of business.
2. Buying and selling; advertising.
f. Tariff systems:
1. Tariff for revenue.
2. Rates: specific rather than ad valorem.
3. Variations and complexity.
g. Taxation:
1. On personal property.
2. On lands and real estate.
3. On industries.
4. Licenses and concessions.
h. Internal improvements and public works.
1. History of internal improvements in Latin America.
2. Public works; postal service; parcel post.
i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard.
j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff system.
Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, Foreign Credits, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of Commerce); Hurley, Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.); Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, Latin American Monetary System and Exchange Conditions; The South American Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade (Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, The Postal Service and the Latin American Trade.
5. Industrial:
A. The most important industries:
1. Mining:
a. Areas of ore fields.
b. Facilities.
c. Acquisition of mining properties.
d. Labor supply.
e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate, coal, and other mines.
2. Stock-raising:
a. Areas adapted.
b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches.
c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses.
d. Wool and hides.
Readings: Whelpley, Trade Development in Argentina, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); Atlas America Latina.
3. Rubber:
a. Areas of growth.
b. Processes employed.
c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold."
4. Agriculture:
a. Arable lands and climatic conditions.
b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising.
c. Ownership of land.
d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America.
e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and "potreros."
f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba, foodstuffs.
5. Manufacturing:
a. General characteristics: domestic and factory methods.
b. Connection with other industries.
c. Obstacles in the way.
d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery.
B. European and American capital invested in industries.
C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America.
Readings: Koebel, The South Americans, 132-151, 193-204; books on individual countries; Pearson, The Rubber Country of the Amazon; Gemmingen, Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie im lateinischen Amerika.
6. Commercial:
a. History of Hispanic-American commerce.
b. Exports and imports:
1. Character and value.
2. Destination.
c. Commercial enterprises.
d. Trade marks and their use.
e. Customs regulations.
f. Modern transportation and communication.
1. Development of transportation facilities.
2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas.
3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains.
4. Roads and highways.
5. Land transportation:
a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines.
b. International and transcontinental lines.
c. Projected lines.
d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways.
e. Mileage and rates.
f. Freight rates.
g. Capital and ownership.
6. Water transportation:
a. River steamers and barges.
b. Oceanic lines.
c. Harbor facilities.
d. Rates.
g. Communication:
1. Telegraph lines.
2. Cable lines.
3. Postal service; international service.
h. The metric system of weights and measures.
i. Concessions and monopolies:
1. Procedure in obtaining them.
2. Policies of various countries in relation thereto.
3. Attitude of the United States toward them.
Readings: Shepherd, 168-191; Koebel, The South Americans, 304-358; Domville-Fife, Great States of South America; Atlas America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to the West Coast of South America (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 72, 1913. Bur. of For. and Dom. Commerce); Gueydan, Transportation Facilities of Colombia and Venezuela (ibid.); Trade mark registration in Latin America (Tariff series, No. 31, ibid.); Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations of the State Department; Report of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department; U. S. Federal Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; Tariff Systems of South American countries. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.)
7. Educational and Cultural:
A. Educational:
1. General characteristics.
2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries.
3. Educational progress.
4. Obstacles to popular education.
5. Foreign influences in education.
a. European teachers in Hispanic-America.
b. American teachers in Argentina in 1868; educational reforms of Sarmiento.
c. Influence of United States at present.
6. Administration of schools.
7. Elementary and secondary education.
8. Higher education in Hispanic-America.
a. Universities:
1. Faculties, courses, and equipment.
2. Libraries and publications.
3. Students.
b. Scientific pursuits.
1. Observatories and other establishments for study of geography, ethnology, and zoology.
2. Schools of medicine and surgery.
c. Industrial and technical education.
9. Urban and rural education.
10. Popular interest in education.
11. Non-official efforts for promotion of education:
a. Congresses and teachers' associations.
b. Private schools and institutions.
c. Publications and lectures.
12. Educational reforms needed.
B. Cultural achievements in general:
1. Public charity:
a. Control and sources of revenue.
b. Societies and institutions for social service.
2. Public libraries.
3. Journalism:
a. Status of the press in various countries.
b. Notable newspapers.
c. Recent development.
d. Magazines and periodicals.
4. Literature:
a. General characteristics.
b. European and particularly French influence.
c. Representative literary men and their works.
1. Novelists, essayists, poets:
Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, Gonzalvez Diaz, San Martin. Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben Dario, Chocano, Blanco Fombona, etc.
2. Historians:
Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros Arana, Icazbalceta, Vicuña Mackenna, Mitre, Jose Toribio Medina, Oliviera Lima, Zamacois, etc.
3. Jurists:
Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Ambrosio Montt, etc.
5. Arts:
a. General characteristics.
b. Achievements in music; the drama; architecture; painting; and sculpture.
Readings: For education: Shepherd, 192-204; ——, Education in South America, (Review of Reviews, May, 1908); ——, Higher Education in South America, (Columbia University Quart., Dec., 1907); Koebel, The South Americans, 109-132; Brandon, Latin-American Universities and Special Schools; Blakslee, Latin-America, 30-46; Monroe, An Encyclopedia of Education (See discussion under the names of each country); see also, Walle, Bolivia, Chap. 6; Eder, Colombia, Chap. 16; Hirst, Argentina, Chap. 14; and Wright's books on Bolivia, Chile, and Peru; Bravo Mejia, Organizacion de las escuelas rurales; Amunategui, Discursos Parliamentarios.
For cultural problems: Shepherd, 204-250; La Literatura y el Periodismo; Garcia Calderon, Latin-America, 249-282; Warner, Library of the World's Best Literature, Vol. 15; Blakslee, Latin-America, 299-306; Koebel, The South Americans, 109-130; Goldberg, Studies in Spanish American Literature; Umphrey, Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday (Hispania, 1919); Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America; Starr, Readings from Modern Mexican Authors; Lamborn, Mexican Paintings and Painters; Zanelli Lopez, Mujeres Chilenos de letras; Amunategui, La Alborada, poetica in Chile.
1. Political:
a. Political and governmental stability.
b. Politics in practice and principle.
c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.
d. Restrictions of the ballot.
e. Professional men in politics.
f. Absence of political experience by the masses.
g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and political philosophy.
h. Appearance of new political issues.
i. Electoral reform: Argentina.
j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.
k. State or Church control over education.
l. Municipal government:
1. History of progress.
2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
m. Social legislation.
n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.
Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150; Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America; Heredia, Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela; books on individual countries.
a. Political and governmental stability.
b. Politics in practice and principle.
c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.
d. Restrictions of the ballot.
e. Professional men in politics.
f. Absence of political experience by the masses.
g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and political philosophy.
h. Appearance of new political issues.
i. Electoral reform: Argentina.
j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.
k. State or Church control over education.
l. Municipal government:
1. History of progress.
2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
m. Social legislation.
n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.
1. History of progress.
2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system; water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.
2. Social and Religious:
A. Social:
1. Population:
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro.
3. Laboring classes and types: "vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;" industrial laborers.
4. Labor system and laws.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
5. Aristocratic and professional society.
6. Language.
7. Position of woman:
a. In society.
b. Family life.
c. The matter of divorce.
8. Amusements and social customs:
a. Sports and games.
b. Carnivals and festivals.
c. Dress and etiquette.
d. Gambling and lotteries.
e. Social customs in business.
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ——, Psychology of the Latin American (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon, 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, Mexico and the United States; Bingham, Across South America; books on individual countries and on travel; Bunge, Nuestra America; Colmo, America Latina.
B. Religious:
1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.
2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.
3. Clericalism in politics.
4. The work of the Church.
5. Toleration in Hispanic America.
6. Protestant missionary activities.
7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, The South Americans 41-44, 91-108, 152-169.
Additional Readings: Speer, South American Problems; Brown, Latin America; Neely, South America: Its Missionary Problem; Planchet, La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico.
A. Social:
1. Population:
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro.
3. Laboring classes and types: "vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;" industrial laborers.
4. Labor system and laws.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
5. Aristocratic and professional society.
6. Language.
7. Position of woman:
a. In society.
b. Family life.
c. The matter of divorce.
8. Amusements and social customs:
a. Sports and games.
b. Carnivals and festivals.
c. Dress and etiquette.
d. Gambling and lotteries.
e. Social customs in business.
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
1. Population:
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and civilized; mixed races; negro.
3. Laboring classes and types: "vaquero;" "gaucho;" "llanero;" industrial laborers.
4. Labor system and laws.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.
5. Aristocratic and professional society.
6. Language.
7. Position of woman:
a. In society.
b. Family life.
c. The matter of divorce.
8. Amusements and social customs:
a. Sports and games.
b. Carnivals and festivals.
c. Dress and etiquette.
d. Gambling and lotteries.
e. Social customs in business.
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.
a. Census statistics available.
b. Population and resources.
a. Peonage:
1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.
2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.
3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."
4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.
5. Peon in government and politics.
6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.
b. Labor regulations in general.
c. Labor organizations.
d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.
e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.