1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; Almagro; Orellana; Ursúa; Mendoza; Ayolas; Irala, and others.
2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil.
3. Settlement of the West Indies.
4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America.
5. Settlement of Spanish South America.
Readings: To those of Section A, add Cambridge Modern History, I, ch. xv.; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; Bancroft, History of Mexico; MacNutt, Fernando Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico; Solis, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico; Bandelier, Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portions of the United States; De Lannoy and Van der Linden, Historie de L'Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Europeens (Portugal et Espagne); Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest; Daenell, Die Spanier in Nord Amerika; Altamira, The Share of Spain in the History of the Pacific Ocean, (Pacific Ocean in History, 34-75); Groat, Historia de la Nueva Granada; Wright, The Early History of Cuba; Amunategui, Descubrimientos; Conquista de Chile; Ojeda, Los Conquistadores de Chile (2v.)
1. Rivalry for trade supremacy.
2. Appeal to the Pope.
Line of Demarcation, 1493.
3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494.
4. Boundary commissions and disputes.
5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529.
6. Mid-century relations.
7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580.
8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of monopoly.
9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the ownership of territory.
Line of Demarcation, 1493.
Required Readings: Shepherd, Latin America, 9-19; Chapman, 229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ——, Essays in Historical Criticism, 193-217; Keller, Colonization, 175-176; 197-200; Merriman, II, 219-239.
Additional Readings: Altamira, Historia de España.
Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.
A. Imperial Control.
1. Early methods of colonization.
Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.
2. The capitulation; that of Columbus compared with later ones.
3. The Casa de Contratacion.
4. The Council of the Indies:
a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; accomplishments.
b. Notable members.
5. Control of emigration:
a. Laws of restriction.
b. Inducements offered approved immigrants.
6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish mercantilism.
7. Interference in colonial affairs.
8. Means of control; special commissions; the visitador; the residencia; recall.
9. Difficulties of administration:
a. Distance between colonies and home government.
b. Defective means of communication.
10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th Century; red tape and routine.
11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the systems of other colonizing countries.
12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris, 244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 285 et seq.; Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule in America; Cambridge Modern History, Vol X, 244 et. seq.; Robertson, Rise of the Spanish American Republics, Introduction.
Additional Readings: Root, Spain and Its Colonies; Zimmerman, Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens; Leroy-Beaulieu, De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes, 1-40; Puente y Olea, Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion; Colmeiro, Historia de la Economia Politica en España, Vol. II; Cappa, Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion española en America; Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de las Indias, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies made first in 1681).
B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies.
1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive, legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government.
2. Office of Viceroy in Spanish America.
a. History of the office.
b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward.
3. Offices of Adelantado; gobernador; captain-general; minor officials.
4. The Audiencia; presidencia.
5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects.
6. Local government: the alcalde; the cabildo; ayuntamiento.
7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the Cabildo abierto.
8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers.
9. Conduct of government.
10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to enforcement or non-enforcement of laws—"Se obedece pero no se ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial restrictions.
11. Relations of officials with the home government.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule; ——, Spanish Dependencies of South America, 263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, The Viceroy of New Spain, 100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ——, A Trained Colonial Civil Service, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 et seq.); Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, Office of Adelantado, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII); Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Humboldt, Political Essay on New Spain; Cunningham, The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies; ——, Institutional Background of Spanish-American History (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918).
Additional Readings: Bancroft, Central America, Vol. I, Chapter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 et seq.; Desdevises du Dezert, L'Espagne de L'Ancien Régime (Les Institutions) 122-163; Solorzano, Politica Indiana, Vol. II; Haebler, Amerika (Helmolt's Weltgeschichte, Vol. I) 384, et seq.
C. The Church. Real Patronato.
1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions.
a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493.
b. The bull of Julius II, 1508.
c. The system as perfected.
2. The clergy in the colonies.
3. The priest as a colonizer.
4. Jesuits and other clerical orders.
5. Relations of Church and State.
6. The church and education.
7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies.
8. The mission system; the Church and the Indian.
9. The Inquisition in Spanish America.
10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies compared.
11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga; Cardenas, etc.
12. Expulsion of Jesuits, 1767, (Portugal, 1759).
Required Readings: Shepherd, 49-59; Bourne, 302-319; Keller, 283-305; Ayme, Ancient Temples and Cities of the New World; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chap. IV; ——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 119-142; ——, Spanish Dependencies in South America, Vol. I, 338-349; 364-380; Vol. II, 143-153; 206-232; Smith, 229-248.
Additional Readings: Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Vol. II; Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies; Graham, A Vanished Arcadia; Koebel, In Jesuit Land; Escriche, Diccionario Razonado de Legislacion; Palma, Anales de la inquisicion de Lima; Lowery, Spanish Settlements in the United States, Vol. I, 339-366; Calle, Memorial y Noticias Sacras; Chapman, The Founding of Spanish California (cf. Index, "Religious Conquest"); Medina, Historia de Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion en Mexico; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 253, et seq.
D. The Indians and the Labor System.
1. The aborigines: tribes; number.
a. Most important families: Araucanians; Arawak; Aymara; Aztec; Carib; Charrua; Chibcha; Coconuco; Guarani; Inca; Maya; Mojos; Puelche; Quechua; Tapuya; Tupi, etc.
2. Indian civilization:
a. The Aztecs of Mexico.
b. The Incas of Peru.
3. Treatment of Indians by the Spanish; comparison of this treatment with that by other nations.
4. Reputation of Spaniards for cruelty.
5. Laws of Spain relative to Indians:
a. Early regulations; instructions to Columbus; laws of Burgos, 1512; laws of 1530.
b. The "New Laws," 1542.
c. Labor laws and customs:
1. Encomienda.
2. Repartimiento.
3. Mita.
4. Office of corregidor.
d. Indian slavery; service in obrages and trapiches; effect of labor system on Indians.
e. Law and practice.
6. Taxation of Indians.
7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta.
8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, II, 1780-1781.
9. Importation of negro slaves:
a. The Spanish theory.
b. The asiento.
c. Laws governing negro slave labor.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241; 245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 167-217; ——, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. I, 204-229; Barros Arana, Compendio de historia de America, part I; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America, Vol. I, 65-85; 209-249; Means, The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, The Aborigines of South America; Hrdlicka, Early Man in South America; Nordenskiold, Indianerleben.
Additional Readings: Gage, New Survey of the West Indies; MacNutt, Bartholomew de las Casas; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; ——, Conquest of Peru; Robertson, History of America, Book VIII; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; Saco, Revista de Cuba; Markham, The Incas of Peru; Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America.
E. Social Classes and Colonial Society.
1. Spanish types in the colonies:
Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian.
2. Classes and race distinctions:
Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo.
3. Classes and the government; the divide et impera policy.
4. Legacy of class distinction.
5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers ennobled.
6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations.
7. The towns; pueblos; the cercados.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia Calderon, Latin America: Its Rise and Progress, 44-58; Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chapter II; ——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 100-118.
Additional Readings: Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels; Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants—South America; Frezier, Voyage a la Mer de Sud; Ulloa, A Voyage to South America.
F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining.
a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain.
b. Spanish repartimientos and encomiendas; Portuguese capitanias and prazos.
2. Methods of acquiring real estate.
3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures.
4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced by the Spanish.
5. Mines and mining in South and North America.
Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, History of America, Vol. I, 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 328-340; Keller, 221-225.
G. Trade System and Means of Transportation.
1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple cities.
2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland.
3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620.
4. Depots and staple cities; fairs.
5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America.
6. The Consulado; guilds; cofradias.
7. Trade companies:
The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778.
8. The War of Spanish Succession; Treaty of Utrecht.
9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello.
10. Obstacles to success of system:
a. Smuggling.
b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies.
11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez.
12. Portuguese trade regulations.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 43-47; Bourne, 282-301; Morris, 260-277; Moses, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. II, 244-365; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226-241; 244-249; Smith, 248-254; Priestley, Reforms of Jose de Galvez in New Spain (The Pacific Ocean in History); Mimms, Colbert's West India Policy; Koebel, British Exploits in South America, 47-98; Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the Seventeenth Century; Colmeiro, II, 401-463; Alberdi, Estudios Economicos, 100-101.
Additional Readings: Blackmar, Spanish Institutions in the Southwest; Stevens, Spanish Rule of Trade in the West Indies; Esquemeling, History of the Buccaneers; Rubalcava, Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio; Walton, Spanish Colonies, Vol. II, 153-181.
H. The Colonial Taxation System.
1. The sources of revenue.
2. Taxes: Alcabala; Armada and armadilla; media anata; royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral products; tobacco.
3. Sale of offices.
Readings: Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 328-339.
I. Education and Thought.
1. The universities.
Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, etc.
2. The clergy and education.
3. Colonial literature:
a. Clerical influences.
b. Early tendencies and schools.
c. Writers: Zumarraga, Las Casas, Ercilla, Balbuena, Juana Ines de la Cruz, Espejo.
4. The press.
5. Transplantation of European civilization:
Language; customs; education; religion; political theories and institutions.
6. Cultural influence of colonies upon Spain and Europe.
Required Readings: Shepherd, 59-68; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 143-166; Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America, 1-38.
Additional Readings: Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels; Ingenieros, La Revolucion, 29-78; Bunge, Nuestra America.
J. Political History.
1. Diplomatic relations of Spain and Portugal in 17th and 18th Centuries.
2. The Viceroyalties:
a. New Spain, 1534.
b. Peru, 1542.
c. New Granada, 1739.
d. La Plata, 1776.
3. Indian Wars and political insurrections.
4. The favored and the neglected colonies.
5. Colonial defence—military and naval.
Readings: Keller, 316-325; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America; Moses, The Spanish Dependencies in South America.
1. Early methods of colonization.
Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.
2. The capitulation; that of Columbus compared with later ones.
3. The Casa de Contratacion.
4. The Council of the Indies:
a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; accomplishments.
b. Notable members.
5. Control of emigration:
a. Laws of restriction.
b. Inducements offered approved immigrants.
6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish mercantilism.
7. Interference in colonial affairs.
8. Means of control; special commissions; the visitador; the residencia; recall.
9. Difficulties of administration:
a. Distance between colonies and home government.
b. Defective means of communication.
10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th Century; red tape and routine.
11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the systems of other colonizing countries.
12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain.
Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.
a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; accomplishments.
b. Notable members.