March 1961 University of California Los Angeles 24, Calif.

CONTENTS

[Foreword] ix [Preface] xi [Chapter 1.] 1 THIS SUDDEN NEW WORLD A Secret Laboratory of Culture. Time-Tests by Travel, Tongues, and Physiques. From the Old Stone Age to the New. From Tools and Bones, Fossils and Rocks. [Chapter 2.] 11 THE ROAD OF EARLY MAN How New Was the New World? A Passage from Asia to North America. Men Out of Asia—and All the Continents. Bering Strait—Freeway to the New World. Three Roads to the South—with One Detour. Problematical Roads to the New World. Ware Dogma! [Chapter 3.] 29 THE DEAD HAND OF THE AGES Conflicts and Confusions. The Problem of the Ages. The Bronze Age—a Phantasm. Wood, Bone, and Shell Ages. Dividing the Stone Age—the Old and the New. Activities of the New Stone Age. Agriculture—Test of the Neolithic. First a Food Gatherer, Then a Hunter. [Chapter 4.] 43 THE GREAT ICE AGE Our Part of the Geologic Time Scale. The Glacial Hypothesis Appears. The End of the Great Ice Age. River Terraces and Beach Lines. The Cause of Glaciation. [Chapter 5.] 61 EARLY MAN IN THE OLD WORLD Archaeology, a New Science. Mortillet’s Cramping Classification. Enter the Eolith. Flake vs. Core Industries. Dating Early Man in Europe. True Tools—Deceptive Skulls. Ancestors from Heidelberg and Swanscombe? Putting the Neanderthal in His Place. Ancient Man in Java and China. “Giant Ape”—a Mythical Ancestor? “Java” Men in Africa and Europe? Man-Apes or Ape-Men in Africa. The Progressive Neanderthal. Radiocarbon Dates for the Mousterian. Homo sapiens—New or Old? Solutrean Flint Workers Invade Europe. Weapons and Tools—from Hand Ax to Arrowhead. The Danger in Universal Time Scales. [Chapter 6.] 119 WHAT THE BONES HAVE TO SAY Early Man as Adam’s Progeny. Science and Religion Embattled. Reaction, Led by Science. The Red Herring of the “Primitive Skull.” The Mystery of the Missing Bones. South America Provides the First Skulls. North American Skulls and Bones. Early Man Not Solely Mongoloid or Indian. Evidence from Middle America. New Finds in the United States. [Chapter 7.] 143 THE ARTIFACTS OF EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD Artifacts from Heaven. The Folsom Point—Unique and Potent. Americans Hunted Animals Now Extinct. Two Other Folsom Sites—Clovis and Lindenmeier. Another Fine and Ancient Point. The Plainview Point. A New Point—and Sloths—in Gypsum Cave. Old Lake and River Sites. Sandia—Older Than Folsom. The Milling Stone Appears. A Paucity of Art Objects. Hand Axes in the Americas. Early Man in Mexico. From the Glacial to the Archaic. Back of 15,000 Years? [Chapter 8.] 189 EARLY MAN AND THE GREAT EXTINCTION A Twofold Problem. Myths and Mammoths. Archaeological Evidence of Recent Man and the Mastodon. Sloth and Camel in Dry Caves. The Folsom Bison Not Extinct? The Mystery of Extinction. More Radiocarbon Dates for Extinct Mammals. [Chapter 9.] 207 PYGMIES, AUSTRALOIDS, AND NEGROIDS—BEFORE INDIANS? The Mythical Indian Race. Racial Definition—the Field of the Physical Anthropologist. The Cephalic Index—and Others. What Skull Measurements Tell Us About Early Man. Europe Recognizes the Australoid in America. Hooton and Dixon on Early Invaders. A Potpourri of Races. Pygmies Before Australoids in the New World? Australoids, Negroids, and Men From Europe. No Mongoloids till 300 B.C. Siberian Caucasoids. [Chapter 10.] 233 DID THE INDIAN INVENT OR BORROW HIS CULTURE? Diffusion vs. Independent Invention. Bastian’s “Psychic Unity.” Complexity an Argument for Diffusion. Dispersion as Well as Diffusion. The Trap of Time. Escape from the Trap. Dead Alexander Invades America. Independent Inventions Neither Parallel Nor Diffused. What Diffusion of Plants and Art? [Chapter 11.] 261 THE INDIAN IN AGRICULTURE Inventions—Some New, Some Old. American Plants and Their Cultivation. When and Where Did Our Agriculture Begin? The Indians Accomplishment in Agriculture. How Old Is Corn? [Chapter 12.] 277 PUZZLES, PROBLEMS AND HALF-ANSWERS The Pendulum Swings. The Puzzle of the Skulls. The Puzzle of the Querns. The Puzzle of the Points. Was Our Early Man a Solutrean? Or Was the American Aurignacian or Magdalenian? Chopping Tools Instead of Hand Axes in Asia. Spinden’s Neolithic Blockade. Was the First Migration Interglacial? Geological Evidence and the Pluvials. In Sum. [References in the Text] 295 [References as to Illustrations] 317 [Index] 323

ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND TABLES

[The Treks of Early Man] 4 [Out of Noah’s Ark and Over Bering Strait] 13 [The Land-Bridge to the New World] 18 [A Great-Circle Route to North America] 19 [Migration Routes] 22 [Glaciers and Ice Fields as Barriers to Early Man] 26 and 27 [The Life Story of the Earth] 44 [The Ice Fields of the Last Glaciation] 48 [The Age of River Terraces] 51 [The Four Great Glaciations] 55 [Glaciation Through Warmth] 58 [The First Hand Ax Found and Recognized] 62 [Time Scale of Early Man] 65 [The “Dawn Stones” of Early Man] 66 [Paleolithic Types and Industries] 70 [Man’s First Perfected Tool] 71 [Ancient Implements of Bone and Wood] 74 [Java Man—Pithecanthropus erectus] 82 [Gigantopithecus—Giant Ancestor of Man?] 83 [Three Types of Old World Man] 89 [Man’s First Spear Points] 90 [Percussion Flaking] 91 [The Second Step in Flint Knapping] 92 [The Third Step—Pressure Flaking] 93 [Sculpture of the Old Stone Age] 98 [How Blades Were Split off a Core] 100 [Upper Paleolithic Tools] 101 [Three Aurignacian Types] 102 [The Meaning of Scrapers] 103 [The Tanged Point] 105 [A Laurel-Leaf Solutrean Point] 106 [A Tool to Make a Tool] 107 [Magdalenian Harpoon Head] 108 [The First Illustration of a Blade] 108 [Our First Machine, the Spear-Thrower] 109 [The First Paintings] 110 [Bowmen from Africa] 112 [Archers from Spain] 113 [Magdalenian Engravings] 114 [A Chart of Old Stone Age Cultures] 116 and 117 [A Spear Point Found Near Trenton, N.J.] 144 [The Lake Lahontan Point] 145 [The Making of a Folsom Point] 147 [The Minute, Ribbonlike Flaking of a Folsom] 148 [A Map of the Chief Sites in the Southwest] 150 [Burials in the Old World and the New] 152 [The Finest Flint Work of Early Man] 155 [Two Points of Plainview Type] 157 [Flint Knapping of the Old and New Stone Ages] 158 [A Gypsum Cave Point] 159 [Three Early Points from the Borders of Extinct Lakes] 161 [An Abilene Point] 162 [A Sandia Point Compared with Two Solutreans] 165 [Cochise Milling Stones] 168 [An Animal Head Carved from a Fossil Bone] 171 [Earliest Drawings by New World Man?] 172 [A Hand Ax of the Black’s Fork Culture] 174 [A Hand Ax and a Chopping Tool from Texas] 176 [A Broken Pestle from Gold-Bearing Gravels in California] 179 [The More Important Sites of Early Man in the New World] 185 [Mammals of the Ice Age in North and South America] 190 [Eight Thousand Years of the Great Extinction] 196 [Prehistoric and Modern Bison] 199 [The Mongoloid Fold] 208 [The Cephalic Index] 211 [The Dispersal of Head Types] 212 [Three Types of Skulls] 214 [Early Man vs. the Mongoloid] 216 [From the Old World and the New] 228 [From Burma to Melanesia to America?] 235 [Fishhooks from Tahiti and California] 236 [Diffusion or Independent Invention?] 237 [Circumpacific Navigation?] 241 [Bearded White Gods?] 250 [The Equatorial Counter Current] 252 [New World Plants and Products] 263 [The First Illustration of the Corn Plant] 268 [“Turkie Corne”] 270 [A Seventeenth Century Picture of Corn] 271 [Corn of 4,500 Years Ago] 273 [Eden Chipping in Siberia] 282 [Hand Axe and Chopping Tool Cultures of the Old World] 286 [A Chopping Tool of Northwestern India] 287

EARLY MAN IN THE NEW WORLD

A NOTE ON NOTES

There are no footnotes in this book. A catch-all for the author’s afterthoughts and for the corrections provided by friends who have read manuscript or galley proof—as well as a place for legitimate references—they are often a nuisance and always a typographical eyesore. The reference numbers in this book direct attention only to the sources of quotations, facts, or theories. They do not lead the reader to supplementary text material. Therefore, he may ignore them unless he wants to pursue the subject further for himself, or to verify the authority for what may seem to him an implausible statement.

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THIS SUDDEN NEW WORLD

Of all animals, we men are the only ones who wonder where we came from and where we will go. —W. W. HOWELLS