About one-tenth part of the cereals consumed in France is still imported; but, as will be seen in a subsequent chapter, the progress in agriculture has lately been so rapid that even without Algeria France will soon have a surplus of cereals. Wine is imported, but nearly as much is exported. So that coffee and oil-seeds remain the only food articles of durable importance for import. For coal and coke France is still tributary to Belgium, to this country, and to Germany; but it is chiefly the inferiority of organisation of coal extraction which stands in the way of the home supply. The other important items of imports are: raw cotton (from £12,440,000 to £18,040,000 in 1903-1910), raw wool (from £15,160,000 to £23,200,000), and raw silk (from £10,680,000 to £17,640,000), as well as hides and furs, oil-seeds, and machinery (about £10,000,000). The exports of manufactured goods were £80,000,000 in 1890, and in subsequent years from £119,000,000 to £137,000,000. Exports of textiles, exclusive of yarn and linen, £29,800,000 in 1890, and £34,440,000 in 1908-1910; while the imports of all textiles are insignificant (from £5,000,000 to £7,000,000).
C.—GROWTH OF INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA.
The growth of industry in Russia will be best seen from the following:—
| 1880-81. Cwts. | 1893-94. Cwts. | 1910. Cwts. | |
| Cast iron | 8,810,000 | 25,450,000 | 61,867,000 |
| Iron | 5,770,000 | 9,700,000} | 61,540,700 |
| Steel | 6,030,000 | 9,610,000} | |
| Railway rails | 3,960,000 | 4,400,000 | 10,408,300 |
| Coal | 64,770,000 | 160,000,000 | 530,570,000 |
| (Imports of Coal) | from 80,000,000 | to 100,000,000 | |
| Naphtha | 6,900,000 | 108,700,000 | 189,267,000 |
| Sugar | 5,030,000 | 11,470,000 | 28,732,000 |
| Raw cotton, home grown | 293,000 | 1,225,000 | 3,736,000 |
| Cottons, grey, and yarn | 23,640,000 | 42,045,000 | 86,950,000 |
| Cottons, printed | 6,160,000 | 7,720,000 | 37,680,000 |
| 1900. | 1908. | |
| All cottons | £56,156,000 | £94,233,000 |
| All woollens | 19,064,000 | 25,388,000 |
| Linen | 7,076,600 | 9,969,000 |
| Silk | 3,335,000 | 3,969,000 |
The recent growth of the coal and iron industries in South Russia (with the aid of Belgian capital) was very well illustrated at the Turin Exhibition of 1911. From less than 100,000 tons in 1860, the extraction of coal and anthracite rose to 16,840,460 metric tons in 1910. The extraction of iron ore rose from 377,000 tons in 1890 to 3,760,000 tons in 1909. The production of cast iron, which was only 29,270 tons in 1882, reached 2,067,000 tons in 1910, and the amount of refined iron and steel and their produce rose from 27,830 tons in 1882 to 1,641,960 tons in 1910. In short, South Russia is becoming an exporting centre for the iron industry. (P. Palcinsky, in Russian Mining Journal, 1911, Nos. 8 and 12.)
D.—IRON INDUSTRY IN GERMANY.
The following tables will give some idea of the growth of mining and metallurgy in Germany.
The extraction of minerals in the German Empire, in metric tons, which are very little smaller than the English ton (0·984), was:—
| 1883. Tons. | 1893. Tons. | 1910. Tons. | |
| Coal | 55,943,000 | 76,773,000 | 152,881,500 |
| Lignite | 14,481,000 | 22,103,000 | 69,104,900 |
| Iron ore | 8,616,000 | 12,404,000 | 28,709,700 |
| Zinc ore | 678,000 | 729,000 | 718,300 |
| Mineral salts (chiefly potash) | 1,526,000 | 2,379,000 | 9,735,700 |