Since 1894 the iron industry has taken a formidable development, the production of pig-iron reaching 12,644,900 metric tons in 1909 (14,793,600 in 1910), and that of half-finished and finished iron and steel, 14,186,900 tons; while the exports of raw iron, which were valued at £1,195,000 in 1903, doubled in seven years, reaching £2,250,000 in 1910.
E.—MACHINERY IN GERMANY.
The rapid progress in the fabrication of machinery in Germany is best seen from the growth of the German exports as shown by the following table:—
| 1890. | 1895. | 1907. | |
| Machines and parts thereof | £2,450,000 | £3,215,000 | £17,482,500 |
| Sewing-machines and parts thereof | 315,000 | 430,000 | 1,202,500 |
| Locomotives and locomobiles | 280,000 | 420,000 | 1,820,000 |
Three years later the first of these items had already reached £25,000,000, and the export of bicycles, motor-cars, and motor-buses, and parts thereof, was valued at £2,904,000.
Everyone knows that German sewing-machines, motor-bus frames, and a considerable amount of tools find their way even into this country, and that German tools are plainly recommended in English books.
F.—COTTON INDUSTRY IN GERMANY.
Dr. G. Schulze-Gaewernitz, in his excellent work, The Cotton Trade in England and on the Continent (English translation by Oscar S. Hall, London, 1895), called attention to the fact that Germany had certainly not yet attained, in her cotton industry, the high technical level of development attained by England; but he showed also the progress realised. The cost of each yard of plain cotton, notwithstanding low wages and long hours, was still greater in Germany than in England, as seen from the following tables. Taking a certain quality of plain cotton in both countries, he gave (p. 151, German edition) the following comparative figures:—
| England. | Germany. | |
| Hours of labour | 9 hours | 12 hours |
| Average weekly earnings of the operatives | 16s. 3d. | 11s. 8d. |
| Yards woven per week per operative | 706 yards | 466 yards |
| Cost per yard of cotton | 0·275d. | 0·303d. |
But he remarked also that in all sorts of printed cottons, in which fancy, colours and invention play a predominant part, the advantages were entirely on the side of the smaller German factories.