In the spinning mills the advantages, on the contrary, continued to remain entirely on the side of England, the number of operatives per 1,000 spindles being in various countries as follows (p. 91, English edition):—
| Per 1000 spindles. | |||
| Bombay | 25 | operatives. | |
| Italy | 13 | ” | |
| Alsace | 9½ | ” | |
| Mulhouse | 7½ | ” | |
| Germany, | 1861 | 20 | operatives. |
| ” | 1882 | 8 to 9 | ” |
| England, | 1837 | 7 | ” |
| ” | 1887 | 3 | ” |
Considerable improvements had taken place already in the ten years 1884-1894. “India shows us, since 1884, extraordinary developments,” Schulze-Gaewernitz remarked, and “there is no doubt that Germany also has reduced the number of operatives per 1,000 spindles since the last Inquest.” “From a great quantity of materials lying before me, I cull,” he wrote, “the following, which, however, refers solely to leading and technically distinguished spinning mills:—
| Per 1000 spindles. | ||
| Switzerland | 6·2 | operatives. |
| Mulhouse | 5·8 | ” |
| Baden and Würtemberg | 6·2 | ” |
| Bavaria | 6·8 | ” |
| Saxony (new and splendid mills) | 7·2 | ” |
| Vosges, France (old spinning mills) | 8·9 | ” |
| Russia | 16·6 | ” |
The average counts of yarn for all these were between twenties and thirties.”
It is evident that considerable progress has been realised since Schulze-Gaewernitz wrote these lines. As an exporter of cotton yarn and cottons, Germany has made rapid strides. Thus, in 1903, she exported £1,625,000 worth of cotton yarn, and £15,080,000 worth of cottons. For 1910 the figures given by the Statistisches Jahrbuch for 1911 were already £2,740,000 and £18,255,000 respectively.
G.—MINING AND TEXTILES IN AUSTRIA.
To give an idea of the development of industries in Austria-Hungary, it is sufficient to mention the growth of her mining industries and the present state of her textile industries.
The value of the yearly extraction of coal and iron ore in Austria appears as follows:—
| 1880. | 1890. | 1910. | |
| Coal | £1,611,000 | £25,337,000 | £57,975,000 |
| Brown coal | 1,281,300 | 23,033,000 | 56,715,000 |
| Raw iron | 1,749,000 | 22,759,000 | 49,367,000 |