empire of, [197] f., [203], [215], [252];
buildings of, [199], [219], [226], [235] f.;
mace-head of, [218];
stele of victory possibly his, [248] f.;
name of, [218], [228];
deification of, [251];
date of, [65];
in chronological table, [361]
Sharlak. king of Kutû, [232]
Sharru-Gi, king of Kish, [221] ff., [248];
Stele of, [132], [220] f., [228] ff.;
name of, [221] f., [224], [227] f.;
son of, [223];
date of, [53], [65], [222];
in chronological table, [360]
Sharru-Gi-ili, [222]
Sharru-uktn, [217], [221], [228]
Shashru, [288], [299]
Shatra, [112]
Shatt 'Ateshân, [10]
Shatt el-'Arab, [18]
Shatt el-Farakhna, [11]
Shatt el-Hai, [8], [11], [21], [31], [101]
Shatt el-Kâr, [8] f., [11], [21], [23] f., [28], [31]
Shatt en-Nîl, [8] f., [86], [89]
Shaving, Sumerian practice of, [40] ff., [97]
Shêkh Bedr, [11]
Shell, Sumerian use of, [41], [76], [78] ff., [332]
Shemsu-Hor, [324]
Shid-tab, [206]
Shields, Sumerian, [137] f., [286]
Shilkhak-In-Shushinak, [336]
Shilkhakha, sukkal of Elam, [306]
Shimash, [290]
Shimbi-ishkhuk, [289]
Ships, [262], [334]
Shirpurla, Lagash, [17]; see Lagash
Shirukdu', Shirukdukh, sukkal of Elam, [306] f.
Shrines, local, [84] f.
Shumerû, [14]
Shumu-abi, [307]
Shunet ez-Zebîb, [323]
Shurippak, [9]
Shuruppak, site of, [9] f.;
excavations at, [24] ff.;
destruction of, [31] f.;
god of, [84];
inscriptions from, [95], [283];
see also Fâra
Shushinak, [290], [337]
Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, [212], [243], [337]
Sigbirra, [155]
Sigiresh, [290]
Silver, engraving upon, [78], [167];
as standard of exchange, [207];
from the mountains, [262]
Simanu, [299]
Simash, [306], [308]
Simashgi, [290]
Simebalar-khuppak, sukkal of Elam, [306]
Simuru, [287] f., [299]
Sin, [244], [289]; see also Nannar
Sin-idinnam, [9]
Sin-ikisha, king of Isin, [309], [312] f., [319];
in chronological table, [362]
Sin-magir, king of Isin, [309], [319];
in chronological table, [362]
Sin-muballit, [63] f., [314], [316] ff.
Sinai, [40]
Sinaitic peninsula, [242]
Sippar, site of, [8] f., [13];
excavations at, [37];
history of, [85], [203], [205], [212], [218], [223], [244], [250], [310], [319];
see also Abû Habba Siri, [290]
Siu, [290]
Skins, clothing of, [42], [138]
Skulls, measurement of, [328]
Slate-carvings, Egyptian, [322], [324], [330], [334]
Slavery, [184]
Slaves, public, [300];
sacred, [184];
foreign, [238];
recruiting of, [291] f.
Smith, Dr. Elliot, [328]
Smith, George, [39], [217] f.
Sneferu, [334]
Somaliland, [334]
Sorcerers, [267]
Southern Arabia, [323], [334]
Spear, or lance, Sumerian use of, [286]
Spouting vase, symbol of the, [48]
Stamps, for reliefs, [166]
Standards, carried in battle, [243];
of a goddess, [133]
Statues, Sumerian, [71] f.;
early Semitic, [212] f.;
of Manishtusu, [212] f.;
of Ur-Bau, [70];
of Gudea, [70] f., [260] ff., [269];
symbolical names for, [272] f.;
offerings to, [272] f.;
significance of, [273]
Stein, M. Aurel, [351] ff., [357]
Stelæ, of delimitation, [122], [126] ff., [164];
of victory, [143], [228], [243], [247] ff., [251]
Stewards, [170], [246]
Stilus, [265], [345]
Stone, rare in Sumer, [202];
Egyptian vessels of, [327]
Storehouses, [91] ff., [185], [297]
Storm-god, West Semitic, [344]
Strong drink, fees of, [181]
Su-people, [301]
Subartu, [227]
Sûk el-'Afej, [9], [85]
Sukkal-makh, title, [301]
Sukkallu, significance of title, [306] ff.
Sumer, limits of, [6] f., [12] f.;
names for, [13] ff.;
inhabitants of, [40] ff.;
system of land tenure in, [95]
Sumerian civilization, age of, [56] ff.;
achievements of, [66] ff.;
influence of, [321] ff.;
Sumerian reaction, under the kings of Ur, [48], [253], [283] f.;
"Sumerian controversy," [4] ff.
Sumerians, racial characteristics of, [40] ff.;
racial affinity of, [54] f.;
female types of, [71] f.;
position of women among, [116], [286];
original home of, [53] f., [351], [357] f.;
earliest settlements of, [3], [84] ff., [90] ff.;
their weapons and method of fighting, [50], [136] f., [286] f.;
close of political career of, [320]
Sumu-abu, [307], [319]
Sumu-ilu, king of Ur, [313];
in chronological table, [362]
Sun-god, temples of, [37], [186], [189], [311];
laws of, [184], [282];
see also Babbar, Shamash
Sun-worship, Babylonian centres of, [84] f.;
Egyptian, [334]
Sunanam, [150]
Surghul, [89], [331], [345];
excavations at, [20] f.
Susa, excavations at, [2], [39] f., [206], [305], [335], [339] f., [356];
first settlement at, [330] f.;
earliest form of burial at, [331] f.;
"second period" at, [333];
objects from, [211] ff., [216], [220], [241], [243], [330], [333];
early patesis of, [231], [243];
native Elamite rulers of, [305] ff.;
history of, [243], [261] f., [284], [290] f., [299], [304]
Symbolism, in writing, [329] f.
Synchronisms, [57], [62] ff, [255] f., [276], [307]
Syria, [55], [225], [234], [261] f., [270], [300], [322], [334] f., [341], [343], [347];
coast of, [198], [233], [258], [333], [358];
Northern, [347]
Syro-Arabian desert, [7]
Syro-Cappadocian cylinder-seals, [343] f.;
pottery, [343]
Tablets, [3], [28], [37], [309];
from Tello, [20], [171], [219], [254], [256] f., [293]
Taklamakan Desert, [351] f.
Tarim basin, [351]
Taurus, [11], [86], [244], [347]
Tax-gatherers, [180]
Taylor, Col. J. E., [5], [17], [30], [34] ff, [217]
Tell, of the Tablets, [20];
"de la Maison des Fruits," [20]
Tell Ibrâhîm, site of Cutha, [8] f., [37] f.
Tell 'Îd, [23]
Tell Lahm, [36]
Tell Manjûr, [39]
Tell Medîna, [34]
Tell Sifr, [34], [73], [314], [317] f.
Tello, site of Lagash, [17];
excavations at, [17] ff.;
plan of, [19];
remains of buildings at, [89] ff.;
objects from, [20], [41] f., [44] f., [47] ff., [73], [171], [204], [219], [254],
[256] f., [293], [299], [342], [344]
Temple-accounts, [293]
Temple-towers, [53] f.
Temples, early Sumerian, [89];
buildings attached to, [90] ff., [268];
enclosure of a, [265]
Temti-agun, sukkal of Susa, [307]
Temti-khalki, sukkal of Elam, [306] f.
Tepe Mussian; see Mussian
Terra-cotta, stamped figures of, [75] f.
Testing-house, for weights, [294] f.
Theft, laws against, [182]
Thessaly, [341]
Thinis, [324]
This, [324]
Thompson, R. Campbell, [38]
Thompson, M. S., [341]
Throwing-stick, [79]
Thumb-marks, on bricks, [26], [91], [94]
Thureau-Dangin, F., researches of, [54], [57], [266];
referred to, [9], [12], [14], [18], [39], [52], [58], [61], [63], [65], [95] f., [98],
[101], [103] ff., [109], [120], [158], [162] f., [165], [169] ff., [178], [188],
[193], [203] f., [219], [222], [225], [232], [237], [240] f., [246] f., [254] f.,
[259], [274] ff., [280], [285], [287], [290], [298], [300] f., [306], [317] ff., [335]
Tidanu, [261], [300]
Tidnu, [300]
Tig-abba, [291]
Tigris, [6];
changes in channel of, [8];
contrasted with Euphrates, [11] f.;
period of high water in, [11];
upper reaches of, [246]
Timat-Enlil, [301]
Time-reckoning, [295];
see also Dating
Tin, as an alloy, [73]
Tirash, [109], [185], [189]
Tithes, [180]
Toscanne, P., [266]
Trade-routes, [322]
Transcaspia, [341], [356]
Treaties, [101], [126]
Tribute, in grain, [127]
Tukîn-khatti-migrisha, [299]
Tupliash; see Ashnunnak
Turkestan, [1], [332], [341], [351] ff.
Tutu, [246]
Tuz-Khurmati, [287]
Ubara, [296]
Ubil-Ishtar, an Akkadian prince, [246]
Ug-edin Canal, [154]
Ug-me, patesi of Lagash, [254];
in chronological table, [361]
Ugigga, battle of, [159]
Ukush, patesi of Umma, [188], [194] f.;
in chronological table, [360]
Ullu, [290]
Umanu, [261]
Umma, site of, [9],11, [13], [21] f., reading of name of, [21];
history of, [96] f., [100] f., [120] ff., [144] f., [152], [158] ff.,
[186] ff., [195], [238], [258], [298];
destruction of, [31] f.;
see also Jôkha
Underworld, [149]
Ungnad, Prof. A., [14], [52] f., [63], [162], [306] f., [313], [317]
Upper Egypt, [323] ff.
Upper Sea, the Mediterranean, [194], [197], [262]
Ur, site of, [9] f., [13], [34];
excavations at, [34] f.;
as cult-centre, [35], [84] f.;
earlier history of, [147], [152], [195] f., [199] f., [238], [263];
Dynasty of, [64], [253], [256], [276] f., [278] ff.;
Sumerian reaction under kings of, [48], [238], [283] f.;
deification of kings of, [251], [274], [288], [298] f.;
downfall of the Dynasty of, [300] ff.;
later history of, [309] ff., [313], [317] f.;
see also Mukayyar
Ur-abba, patesi of Lagash, [275] ff., [281];
in chronological table, [362]
Ur-Babbar, patesi of Lagash, [254];
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-baga, [284]
Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash, [19],70, [90] f., [254] f., [258] f., [351];
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-Bau, son of Bûr-Sin I., [297]
Ur-Dunpae, [301]
Ur-E, patesi of Lagash, [254] f.;
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-Engur, king of Ur, [64], [253], [276];
reign of, [278] ff.;
buildings of, [219], [280] f.;
architectural development under, [263] f.;
deification of, [274];
in chronological table, [362]
Ur-Enlil, patesi of Nippur, [98]
Ur-gar, patesi of Lagash, [255], [258];
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-gigir, patesi of Adamdun, [292]
Ur-ilim, patesi of Susa, [231]
Ur-Khumma, possible reading of the name Urlumma, [158]
Ur-Lama I., patesi of Lagash, [296];
cult of, [274], [299];
in chronological table, [362]
Ur-Lama II., patesi of Lagash, [296], [301];
in chronological table, [362]
Ur-mama, patesi of Lagash, [254];
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-nabbad, patesi of Nippur, [294]
Ur-nesu, patesi of Umma, [295];
in chronological table, [362]
Ur-Ninâ, king of Lagash, reign of, [106] ff.;
date of, [65];

store-house of, [20], [90] ff.;
bas-reliefs of, [41], [98], [110] ff.;
close of dynasty of, [168] f.;
offerings to statue of, [169], [273];
in chronological table, [360]
Ur-Ningirsu, patesi of Lagash, reign of, [274] ff.;
his relations to the Dynasty of Ur, [64], [255];
engraved shell of, [81];
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-Ningirsu, priest of Ninâ, probably to be identified
with the patesi, [255], [274] ff.
Ur-Ningislizida, patesi of Ashnunnak, [306]
Ur-Ninib, king of Isin, [309] ff.,
in chronological table, [362]
Ur-Ninpa, [95]
Ur-Ninsun, patesi of Lagash, [255];
in chronological table, [361]
Ur-Pasag, patesi of Dungi-Babbar, [295]
Ura-imitti, king of Isin, [312];
in chronological table, [362]
Urbillu, [287] f., [299], [301] f.
Uri-zi, [109], [255], [268]
Urkarinnu-wood, [261]
Urkium, patesi of Susa, [291], [305]
Urlumma, patesi of Umma, [158] ff., [160] ff.;
in chronological table, [360]
Urmi, Lake, [197]
Urnuntaea, [185]
Urri, [290]
Ursu, [261]
Ur tar, [170]
Uru, a division of Lagash, [108], [259]
Uru-azagga, a division of Lagash, [108];
temples in, [259], [264]; fortification of, [153]
Urukagina, king of Lagash, reign of, [176] ff.;
date of, [65], [209] f.;
reforms of, [177] ff., [348];
buildings of, [185] ff.;
family of, [170] f., [176], [184];
fate of, [193];
predecessors of, [169] ff.;
records from inscribed plaque of, [158] f., [178], [186];
in chronological table, [360]
Urukagina, son of Engilsa, [176], [209] f.
Urukagina, father of Abba-dugga, [313]
Urumush, or Rimush, king of Kish, reign of, [203] ff.;
fate of, [205] f., [240];
period of, [53], [210] f.;
in chronological table, [360]
Urzage, king of Kish, [103] f.;
in chronological table, [360]
Ush, patesi of Umma, [122], [124], [126], [158] f.;
in chronological table, [360]
Ushu-wood, [261]
Ut-napishtim, [9]
Utug, patesi of Kish, [102] f.;
in chronological table, [360]
Uzargarshana, [301]
Van, Lake, [197]
Vases, votive, [193], [199] ff., [204];
for libations, [76] f.;
for body-paint, [330]
Vegetable motives, on Elamite painted pottery, [341]
Visions; see Dreams
Vultures, Stele of the, description of, [129] ff.;
referred to, [42] f., [48], [105], [117] f., [120] ff, [127], [136], [142],
[220], [228] f., [330] ff.;
origin of popular name of, [125]
Wage, A. J. B., [341]
Wâdi Hammamât, [323]
Ward, W. Hayes, [65], [78]
Warka, site of Erech, [9];
excavations at, [32] ff.;
plan of, [33];
bricks from, [280];
contracted burials at, [331]
Water, for libation, [198]
Wax writing-tablet, origin of, [346]
Weapons, [73];
Sumerian, [50], [136] f., [286] f.;
Semitic, [247], [286]
Weights, [294] f.
Weissbach, Prof. F. H., [6], [38], [319]
Well, of Eannatum, [93], [155]
West, Sea of the, [234];
Wall of the, [300];
extent of Babylonian influence in the, [234] f., [343] ff.
Western Asia, [3]; early ceramics of, [341]
Western Semites, origin of the, [55];
their destruction of Sumerian towns, [32];
invasions of, [315] f.
Wheat, cultivation of, [323], [357];
original home of, [332];
in earliest stratum at Anau, [332]
Wigs, Sumerian, [43], [46], [138]
Wine, fees of, [181] f.
Winckler, Prof. Hugo, [14], [61], [103], [219], [235], [275], [317], [344] f.
Wind-erosion, effects of, [353]
Wizards, [267]
Women, position and rights of, [116], [184], [286];
clothing of, [42];
Sumerian statuettes of, [71] f.
Woolley, C. L., [327]
Worship, scenes of, [44]
Writing, invention of cuneiform, [3], [329] f., [347];
Elamite forms of, [337] ff.;
origin of Egyptian system of, [325], [328] f.;
Hittite, [339]; Minoan, [345]
Wuswas, [33]
Yâkût, [8]
Yotkan, [353], [357]
Yurung-kash, [354]
Zâb, Lower, [232]
Zabalu-wood, [261]
Zabshali, [299]
Zagros mountains, [55], [302];
pass, [250]
Zakhara, [225] f.
Zakro, sealings from, [346]
Zamama, [103];
temple of, [39]
Zambia, king of Isin, [313];
in chronological table, [362]
Zarik, patesi of Susa, [291], [305]
Zarzari, [185]
Zaula, [290]
Ziggurat, institution of the, [53] f.;
at Nippur, [89];
of Gudea, [264] f.
Zimanak, Field of, [206]
Zimmern, Prof. Heinrich, [54] f.
Zuzu, king of Opis, [146];
in chronological table, [360]

BABYLONIA Showing the Sites of Ancient Cities. [enlarge]