Non-technical chats on iron and steel, and their application to modern industry - La Verne W. Spring

CHAPTERS XXII & XXIII

“The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron,” H. M. Howe, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

“The Metallography and Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel,” Albert Sauveur, Sauveur and Boylston, Cambridge, Mass.

“Metallic Alloys: Their Structure and Constitution,” G. H. Gulliver, Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd., London.

INDEX

Acid linings for furnaces, [139], [156]
Allotropic modifications of iron, [322]
Alloy steels, [232]
Ammonia from coke ovens, [49]
Analysis, chemical, [165]
Annealing malleable cast iron, [203]
- cast steel, [220]
- tool steels, [109], [233], [333]
- tubes, [307]
- wire, [285]
Bar, Merchant, [154]
- muck, [99]
Basic linings for furnaces, [139], [156], [230]
Beehive charcoal, [38]
- coke, [44]
Benzol, [49]
Bessemer, Sir Henry, [123]
- steel, [123], [226]
Black heart malleable iron, [209]
Blast, [1], [11], [52], [58], [172]
Blast furnace, [9], [10], [52]
Blister steel, [117]
Blowing of Bessemer steel, [128], [225]
Boyden, Seth, [196]
Busheled iron, [105]
Butt-welded pipe, [293]
By-products, [42], [47]
Carbon, effect of, on iron, [8], [74], [83], [86], [109], [116], [180], [198], [233], [319], [337]
- effect of, on iron ore, [4], [57]
Cast iron. See Iron, cast
Castings, [189]
- of cast iron, [178]
Castings of malleable iron, [197]
- of pig iron (direct castings), [80]
- “rubber,” [192]
- of “semi-steel,” [188]
- of steel, [214]
Cementation steel process, [106], [112]
Charcoal, [7], [37], [95]
Chemical changes during refining, [7], [97], [119], [128], [149], [155], [160], [201], [230]
Chemistry of gas producers, [158]
Chromium in steel, [238], [243]
Cinder in wrought iron, [96], [97], [101], [300]
Classification according to chemical analysis, [83]
- of iron alloys, [69], [180]
- metallographic, [70]
- by physical test, [83], [188]
- of steels, [107], [155]
- volumetric, [88]
Coal, [41], [49]
Cold finishing of steel, [270], [306]
Coke, [11], [41]
Coke ovens, [44], [46]
Conductivity of steels, [315]
Converters, [126], [226]
Cooling curves of steels, [316]
Cort, Henry, [11], [95], [259]
Critical temperature or range in steels, [315], [319]
Crucibles, [118]
Crucible steel process, [106], [118], [223]
Cupola melting process, [161], [171], [198]
Dilatation of steel, [315]
Dolomite, [50]
Drawing bench, [287], [306]
Drawing, effect of cold-drawing, [248]
- of tubes, [305]
- of wire, [284]
Duplex steel process, [155]
Electric furnaces, [227]
Electric steel, [227]
Equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, [335], [345]
Eutectic, [342]
Eutectoid, [346]
Fiber of wrought iron, [92], [93], [101]
Fluor spar, [51]
Flux, [50], [173]
Forging, [248]
Freezing-point curves of iron-carbon alloys, [337]
Fuels, [6], [11], [15], [37], [94], [96], [119], [130], [157], [170]
Furnaces, air, [198]
- Bessemer converters, [123], [226]
- Catalan, [7]
- Cementation, [115]
- Cupola, [171]
- early types of, [6], [93]
- electric, [227]
- open-hearth, [142]
- puddling, [95]
- Siemens-Martin, [142]
- Talbot, [153]
Gas, coke oven, [41], [47]
- natural, [157]
- producer, [157]
Hadfield, Sir Robert, [235]
Hammers for forging, [249]
Hardening, air or self, [241]
Hardening of steels, [109], [233], [240], [316], [333]
Holley, Alexander L., [127]
Huntsman crucible melting process, [10], [118]
Ingots, steel, [245]
Irons, “black heart” malleable cast, [209]
- Busheled, [105]
- cast (See also Semi-steel), [7], [79], [160], [178], [346]
- classification of, [69], [89]
- early history of, [1], [4], [91]
- ingot, [75]
- malleable, [4], [123]
- malleable cast, [81], [195]
- pig, [63]
- puddled, [75], [91]
- strengths of the iron alloys, [83], [188]
- Swedish, [93]
- white, [81], [184], [198]
- “white heart” malleable cast, [21]
- wrought, [75], [77], [91]
- wrought, early processes for, [4], [93]
Kelly, William, [124]
Lap-welded pipe, [296]
Lime, use of, [139], [149], [230]
Limestone as flux, [50], [173]
Linings, acid and basic, [139], [156], [230]
- of Bessemer converters, [139]
- of electric furnaces, [230]
- of open-hearth furnaces, [148]
- of puddling furnaces, [97]
Magnetism, loss of, in steels, [314]
Manganese, [135], [151]
- Hadfield’s manganese steel, [235]
Mannesmann process for billet piercing, [302]
Melting points of iron-carbon alloys, [4], [6], [83], [94], [142]
Metallography, [70], [180], [324]
Metalloids, [86], [89], [128]
Mills. See Rolling mills
Mixer, [131], [153]
Molds and Molding, [13], [189], [218]
Muck bar, [99]
Mushet, Robert F., [135], [240]
Nasmyth, James, [251]
Nickel in steel, [237]
Open-hearth steel process, [142], [223]
Ore, iron, [3], [17], [53], [144]
- Mesaba, [26]
- unloaders, [31]
- use of (iron oxide), in refining processes, [97], [149], [230]
Phosphorus in iron and steel, [97], [139], [144], [152], [230]
Pickling of steel, [285], [305]
Piercing of steel billets for tubes, [302]
Pig bed, [61]
Pig iron, [63]
- castings (“direct castings”), [80]
Pipes and tubes, early, [292]
Pipes, butt-welded, [293]
- lap-welded, [296]
- in steel ingots, [245]
Plates, making of steel, [264]
Press, forging by hydraulic, [256]
Puddling of iron, [97]
Rails, rolling of, [138], [273]
Reaumur, [115], [195]
Recalescence, [311], [316]
Recarburization, [135], [151]
References, [350]
Regenerative system of heating, [146]
Risers on steel castings, [219]
Rods, rolling of, [277]
Rolling mills, [259], [277], [294], [304]
Rolling of muck bar, [99]
- of rails, [138], [273]
- of rods, [277]
Rolling of skelp for pipe, [293]
- of steel plates, [264], [268]
Rolling vs. forging of steel, [258]
Segregation in steel ingots, [246]
“Semi-steel,” [78], [185]
Sheets, rolling of, [273]
Siemens-Martin steel process. See Open-hearth
Silicon in iron-carbon alloys, [83], [120], [133], [168], [182], [346]
Skelp for pipe, [293]
Slag and cinder, [56], [58], [96], [97], [151]
Spiegeleisen addition in Bessemer process, [135]
Squeezer for puddled iron, [99]
Steam hammer for forging, [251]
Steels, acid, [139], [156]
- alloy, [107], [232]
- annealing of, [109], [220], [233], [285], [307], [333]
- basic, [139], [156], [230]
- Bessemer process, [123], [154], [226]
- blister, [117]
- carbon, [107]
- castings. See Castings of steel
- cementation, [106], [112]
- chrome, [238]
- classification of, [107], [155]
- crucible, [106], [118], [223]
- duplex, [155]
- electric, [227]
- hardening of, [109], [233], [240], [241], [316], [333]
- high-speed, [107], [240]
- manganese, [235]
- nickel, [237]
- open-hearth, [107], [142], [223]
- place in the iron family, [78]
- “semi-steel,” [79], [185]
- shear, [118]
- structures, decompositions and transformations of, [310], [337], [343]
- tool, [107], [240]
- tungsten, [236], [243]
- Wootz, Damascus, Toledo, etc., [8], [121]
Strengths of iron-carbon alloys, [83], [188]
- of steel plate, [270]
- of wire, [290]
Structures of the irons and steels, [310], [323], [337], [343]
- See also Metallography
Sulphur in fuels and alloys, [40], [43], [95], [97], [155], [168], [203], [230]
Tar, coal, [48]
Taylor, Frederick W., [241]
Tempering of steels, [109], [240], [331]
Titanium in steel, [234]
Tools, [3], [107], [212]
Tool steels, carbon, [107]
- high-speed, [107], [240]
Tubes and tube making, [302]
Tungsten in steel, [236], [241]
Uses of irons and steels, [71], [83], [184], [212], [213], [215], [249]
Vanadium in steel, [235], [243]
Welding rolls, [297]
Welding of steel, [83], [294], [296]
“White heart” malleable cast iron, [210]
White iron, [81], [184], [198]
White, Maunsel, [241]
Wire, drawing of, [284]
Wootz steel process, [8], [121]

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Silently corrected palpable typographical errors; retained non-standard spellings and dialect.
Reindexed footnotes using numbers.