WIMMER, LUDVIG F.A., De danske Runemindesmærker. 4 vols. Copenhagen, 1895-1908.
----Die Runenschrift. Übersetzt von Dr. F. Holthausen. Berlin, 1887.
WIPO, Vita Chuonradi Regis. Hanover, 1854. (Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores, xi.)
WORCESTER, FLORENCE OF, Chronicon ex Chronicis, ed. Benjamin Thorpe. 2 vols. London, 1848-1849. (Eng. Hist. Soc.)
WORSAAE, J.J.A., Minder out de Danske og Nordmændene i England, Skotland, og Irland. Copenhagen, 1851. Translation: An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and Ireland. London, 1852.
INDEX
A
Abingdon, monastery of, [176], [193]-[313]
Adam of Bremen cited, [14], [35] n., [154], [161], [185], [193], [194],
[272], [273], [325] et passim
Adémar de Chabannes cited, [165] n., [264], [265]
Agdir, district in southern Norway, [238]
Alain, Duke of Brittany, [254]
Aldgyth, wife of Edmund Ironside, [71], [125]
Alfiva, [316]-318; see Elgiva
Alfred, King of England, [23], [24], [45], [79], [85], [105], [126], [158],
[181], [338]-[340]
Alfred, son of Ethelred, [53], [127], [253]-[256], [335]
Alfric, Archbishop of York, [312], [344]
Alfric, Bishop, [333]
Alfric, English ealdorman, [95]
Alfric, ealdorman, and naval commander, [27] n.
Alfric, old English author, [291], [296]
Algar, English magnate, [88]
Ali, housecarle, [135]
Almar Darling, English magnate, [88]
Alphabet, runic, [299], [300]
Alphege, Archbishop, [29], [44], [147], [172], [173], [176]
Alstad Stone, the, [302]
America, discovery of, [17] and n.
Andover, [29]
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle cited, [27], [29], [79], [80], [92] n., [128],
[211], [215], [220], [221], [232], [297], [310], [334]-[339] et passim
Anglo-Saxon kingdom, [16], [21]-24, [58], [84], [85]
Anglo-Saxon legal system, the, [281]
Anglo-Saxon literature, [296], [297]
Anses, the, old Northern divinities, [163], [182], [183], [198], [309]
Anund Jacob, King of Sweden, [207], [208], [213], [216]-[220], [225]
Aquitaine, [74], [264], [265], [298]
Arne, Norwegian magnate, [200], [245]
Arngrim, magnate in the Danelaw, [70]
Arnungs, Norwegian noble family, [199], [200], [245]
Art, Celtic and Northern, [301] ff.
Asbjörn, Norwegian warrior, [199], [200]
Ashington, battle of, [89], [93]-[96], [99]-[101], [109], [115], [117], [294];
dedication at, [111], [169], [296]
Asia Minor, [266]
Aslak Erlingsson, Norwegian chieftain, [207]
Attila, [293]
Avon River, [191]
Aylesford, [92]
B
Bamberg, [320]
Bark-isle, [200]
Barwick, Swedish harbour, [218]
Benedict, Pope, [270]
Beowulf, [36], [292]
Bergen, [17]
Bergljot, sister of Earl Erik, [69]
Bernhard, Bishop in Norway, [193]
Bernhard, Bishop in Scania, [190]
Bernicia, old English kingdom, [140]
Bersi, Norse traveller, [304]
Bessin, the, district in Normandy, [19] n.
Birca, old Swedish town, [286]
Bison, the, St. Olaf's longship, [213]
Bjarkamál, old Norse poem, [292]
Bjarne, scald, [247]
Bjor, warrior, [237]
Björn, King Olaf's spokesman, [304]
Bleking, district in modern Sweden, [218]
Bohemia, [153]
Boleslav, Duke and King of Poland, [31], [126], [160], [268]
Books, old English, [296], [297]
Brage, old Norse divinity, [187]
Bremen, [55], [160], [190], [271]-[273], [325]
Brenn-isles, the, agreement of, [336]
Brentford, skirmish at, [90], [101]
Bristol, [287]
British Isles, the, Scandinavians in, [16], [17];
commerce of, [287];
inscriptions in, [301]
Brittany, [62], [254], [330]
Bruges, [336], [337]
Brunhild, saga heroine, [293]
Buckinghamshire, [79]
Bugge, Alexander, Norse historian, cited, [17] n., [18] n., [33] n., [195]
Bugge, Sophus, Norse philologist, cited, [183] n.
Burgundy, [227], [228], [264]
Burhwold, Bishop, [176]
Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, [26] n., [296]
Byzantium, [22], [149]
C
Caithness, [18]
Canonisation, of St. Dunstan, [312];
of St. Olaf, [312], [315] ff.
Canterbury, city and see of, [27], [44], [165], [166], [172], [174],
[176], [190], [194], [211], [272];
siege of, [44]
Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, and Norway:
inheritance of, [2], [3];
ancestry of, [4], [15], [56], [262], [327];
fostered by Thurkil the Tall, [32], [76], [116], [117], [241];
joins in King Sweyn's attack on England, [46], [49];
in charge of the camp at Garris-borough, [50];
succeeds to the English pretensions of Sweyn, [54], [58], [60], [61];
is driven out of England, [63], [64];
renews the attack, [16], [22], [66], [68], [72] ff., [304];
methods of warfare of, [76];
marches into northern England, [78] ff., [85];
is recognised as king in the south, [86];
lays siege to London, [86] ff.;
pillages Mercia and East Anglia, [91], [93];
wins the victory at Ashington, [94];
treats with Edmund Ironside, [96]-[99];
is recognised as king of all England, [104] ff., [116], [296], [327];
difficulties of, in 1016 and 1017, [92], [93], [107], [108];
early English policy of, [108];
chief counsellors of, [110] ff., [120] ff., [150], [151];
royal residence of, [112], [261];
rewards his Scandinavian followers, [113] ff.;
re-organises the English earldoms, [114] ff., [136];
attempts to establish a new aristocracy in England, [121], [122];
shows his preference for Northmen and distrust of
the Saxons, [122] ff., [146], [151];
executes rebellious nobles, [122]-[125], [327];
sends Edmund's sons to Poland, [125], [126], [327];
marries Queen Emma, [38], [127]-[129], [332];
organises his guard of housecarles, [130]-[135];
suppresses piracy on the English shores, [135], [136];
develops new policy of reconciliation, [137] ff.;
becomes king of Denmark, [138] ff., [267];
issues Proclamation of 1020, [110], [111], [142]-[146], [168], [341]-[344];
has difficulties with Scotland, [139]-[142], [329];
agrees to the cession of Lothian, [141];
journeys to Denmark of, [142] ff., [167], [168], [175], [207],
[214] ff., [229], [243];
exiles Thurkil the Tall, [117], [118], [146], [147];
extent of empire of, [152], [205], [206], [233], [234], [258], [259], [344];
makes an expedition to Wendland, [157] ff., [202], [203], [211], [267];
Slavic possessions of, [158], [258], [260];
enters into alliance with the Emperor, [160], [161], [267], [268],
[273], [310], [320], [324];
acquires the Mark of Sleswick, [160], [161], [268], [269];
ecclesiastical policy of, [162] ff., [274] ff., [311], [312], [326];
legislation of, [164], [274] ff., [311], [312], [342], [343];
baptism of, [164], [165], [324];
benefactions of, [168] ff., [174] ff., [226] ff., [312], [313], [321], [325];
consecrates church at Ashington, [169];
rebuilds the shrine of St. Edmund's, [169], [170];
honours the English saints, [171] ff., [312];
translates the relics of St. Alphege, [172], [173];
provides bishops for the Danish church, [190], [191], [195];
enters into relations with the see of Hamburg-Bremen, [191], [271] ff.;
plans to seize Norway, [103], [194], [203];
conspires with the Norwegian rebels, [202], [203], [207], [225], [249];
sends an embassy to King Olaf, [203] ff., [254];
Scotch possessions of, [205], [206];
diplomacy of, [206] ff., [219], [220], [256], [264] ff.;
sends an embassy to Sweden, [208];
bribes the Norse leaders, [209], [210], [234]-[236], [304], [326];
makes war on Norway and Sweden, [175], [214], [216] ff., [294];
trapped at Holy River, [217], [218];
orders the murder of Ulf, [221]-[223];
loves dice and chess, [223];
atones for the murder, [223] ff.;
makes a pilgrimage to Rome, [210], [221], [224] ff., [233], [265],
[269], [270], [294], [344];
assists at the imperial coronation, [227], [269];
presents complaints at the Lateran synod, [228], [229],
[345], [346];
Charter of, [228]-230, [344] ff.;
honoured by Pope and Emperor, [229], [230], [345];
conquers Norway, [231] ff., [269], [294];
receives the submission of the Scotch king, [232]-[234];
submission of the Norsemen to, [238] ff., [311];
chosen king at the Ere-thing, [239], [240];
holds an imperial assembly at Nidaros, [240]-[242];
announces his imperial policy, [240] ff., [259]-[261], [331], [332];
secures the allegiance of the Norse chiefs, [242] ff.;
returns to Denmark and England, [243], [244], [255];
gives the leadership in Norway to Kalf Arnesson, [246], [247];
plans to depose Earl Hakon, [247], [248];
relations with Normandy, [253], [254], [265], [266];
is Emperor of the North, [255] ff.;
position in Europe of, [257];
vassal states of, [259];
appoints Harthacanute his successor, [260];
court and household of, [261]-[263];
official appointments of, [263], [264];
continental relations of, [264] ff.;
sends embassies to Aquitaine, [264], [265];
forms an alliance with the Church, [269] ff.;
relations of, with papacy, [270], [324];
episcopal appointments of, [270], [271], [274], [312];
is friendly to the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, [272]-[274];
is hostile toward heathen practices, [274]-[276];
provides for Christian education, [275], [276];
secular laws of, [276]-[278];
reputation of, as a lawgiver, [279], [280];
financial legislation of, [277], [278], [283];
Norse legislation of, [280], [282]-[284];
provides coinage for Denmark, [282];
patronises scalds and copyists, [293]-[298];
is interested in material improvements, [313], [314];
loses Norway to Magnus Olafsson, [260], [263], [310], [314], [315], [319] ff.;
probable plans of (1035), [320];
last illness and death of, [311], [320], [321], [331];
children of, [321];
personality of, [321]-[323];
character of, [324] ff.;
legends about, [133], [325];
English (ecclesiastical) view of, [325], [326];
Norse (scaldic) view of, [326]-[327];
as ruler and statesman, [327] ff.;
plans of, for the future of his empire, [331] ff.;
other mention of, [81], [100], [119], [120], [181], [281], [282], [289],
[292]-[294], [302], [306], [319], [329], [339] et passim
Canute's Praise, the, [109], [294]
Carham, battle of, [141], [151], [233]
Celts, influence of, in old Northern culture, [291], [292], [301], [307]
Chabannes, Adémar de, see Adémar
Charlemagne, [153], [331]
Charter, Canute's, [152], [168], [228] ff., [344]-[347]
Chartres, [227]
Chess games, [222], [223]
Chester, [25]
Christiania Firth, [3], [287]
Christianity, introduced into Denmark, [7], [8];
introduced into Norway, [29], [103];
progress of, in the North, [162], [163], [180], [192], [198], [201],
[271], [308], [309];
Celtic, [185];
influence of, on old Northern poetry and art, [293], [302], [303]
Church, English, relations of, with Canute, [162], [165] ff., [274] ff.;
Canute's message to, [168], [224], [228] ff., [344] ff.;
legislation for, [274] ff.
Church dues, [191], [192], [228], [230], [270], [276], [347]
Cirencester, [144]
Cities, Scandinavian, [286], [287]
Clontarf, battle of, [60], [61], [233], [294]
Coinage,
[278], [282]
Coins, English and Danish, [235], [236], [282], [323]
Coldstream, [141]
Cologne, [227], [298]
Commerce, Scandinavian, [286] ff.
Conrad II, Emperor, [16], [227]-[230], [267]-[269], [273], [320], [345]
Consiliatio Cnuti, [278]
Cork, [18]
Coronation, imperial, [225], [227], [228], [269]
Corvey, Widukind of, see Widukind
Cotentin, district in Normandy, [19] n., [254]
Court at Winchester, [261]-[263]
Court poetry, old Norse, [293] ff.
Coventry, [177]
Crediton, [167], [168], [229]
Cricklade, [78]
Cross, the, of Winchester, [174], [175]
Croyland, abbey of, [313]
Culture, old Northern, [285] ff., [328]
Cynewulf, old English poet, [297]
D
Danegeld, [27], [28], [38], [44], [45], [62], [97], [98], [113], [150], [210]
Danelaw, established by the vikings, [18], [19];
extent of, [19], [20], [69], [71];
importance of, in English history, [21];
Scandinavian elements in, [39], [59], [114], [193], [264], [273], [280];
spared by Sweyn and Canute, [50], [83];
heathendom in, [275];
administrative areas in, [281];
cities in, [287];
supports Elgiva, [334];
other mention of, [102], [107]
Danes, become Christians, [7];
interested in Wendland, [9], [16], [152] ff., [260];
as colonisers, [19] ff., [27], [39], [61], [84], [258];
as merchants, [21], [22];
as vikings, [25], [26], [41], [43], [97];
kill St. Alphege, [44], [172];
attack London, [51], [86];
proclaim Canute king, [58], [59];
in England, [70], [71], [92] ff., [96], [111], [115], [139], [146], [192], [262];
rule of, in England, [104] ff.;
preferred by Canute for important offices, [120] ff., [146], [169], [263], [280];
show opposition to Canute, [240];
in Norway, [252], [284];
other mention of, [3], [5], [11], [13], [231], [311], [325], [334], [336], [347] et passim
Danework, [5], [7]
Deerhurst, agreement of, [97], [99], [106];
monastery of, [172]
Deira, old English kingdom, [128]
Denmark, extent of, [3], [4], [10]-[12], [35], [160], [161], [268], [269];
imperial ambitions of, [27], [28], [33];
hegemony of, [35], [36], [56];
invasion of England from, [45] ff.;
Harold king of, [58], [138];
return of Canute and the viking chiefs to, [64], [67], [68], [72] ff.;
Canute king of, [111], [138], [258], [267];
return of the host to, [130], [141];
Canute's journeys to, [142] ff., [158], [167], [175], [207],
[214] ff., [229], [231], [243];
importance of union of, with England, [144], [145], [328], [329];
extended to the Eider, [160], [161], [268], [269];
progress of Christianity in, [163], [190], [195], [271], [272];
viceroys of, [159], [211], [314];
rebellion in, [212], [214];
Harthacanute king of, [242], [260], [331], [334], [335];
expansion of, into Slavic lands, [258], [267];
institutional development of, [282];
cities in, [286], [287];
Magnus king of, [338];
claimed by Sweyn Ulfsson, [339];
union of, with England dissolved, [340];
other mention of, [7], [48], [98], [129], [130], [211], [226], [240],
[333], [341], [344];
see Danes, Canute, and Scandinavia
Derby, [20]
Devon, [26], [40], [52], [125], [166], [167]
Dol, castle of, [62]
Domesday Book, [134]
Dorchester, [95]
Dorset, [75], [88], [321]
Dragon ship, see Ships
Drammen Firth, [242]
Dublin, [18], [61], [233], [259]
Duduc, Bishop, [312]
Düna River, [158]
Durham, [140], [141], [172], [177]
E
Eadric, Mercian Earl, slays Sigeferth and Morcar, [70];
Earl of Mercia, [71], [79], [115], [118], [120], [122];
jealous disposition of, [72];
deserts to Canute, [77], [78];
in the battle of Sherstone, [88], [89];
makes peace with Edmund, [89], [91];
quarrels with Edmund, [92];
plays the traitor at Ashington, [94], [96], [100];
suspected of causing Edmund's death, [100];
position of, in Canute's councils, [110];
Ethelred's son-in-law, [115], [117];
executed, [118], [122]-[124]
Eadulf Cudel, Northumbrian Earl, [120], [140], [141]
Eagmargach, see Jehmarc
Eanham, assembly of, [42]
Earl, office of, [114]
Earldoms in England, [114], [115]
East Anglia, [24], [27], [41], [43], [45], [66], [67], [97], [104], [115], [138]
Eddic poems, [183]
Edgar, King of England, [23], [84], [139], [164], [171], [343]
Edith, wife of Thurkil, [117], [118], [146]
Edmund Ironside, English King, marries Aldgyth, [71];
assumes leadership in the Danelaw, [72], [77], [78];
harries the western shires, [79];
with the army in London, [83];
is chosen king, [86], [104];
raises the south-west, [87]-88;
fights at Penselwood, Sherstone, and Brentford, [87], [90];
raises Wessex, [90];
attacks the Danes at Otford, [91], [92];
quarrels with Eadric, [92];
defeated at Ashington, [93]-[95];
retires to the Severn Valley, [96];
makes terms and enters into fraternal relations with Canute, [97], [98];
death of, [99], [100], [125];
career and character of, [100]-[102];
sons of, [106], [125], [126];
buried at Glastonbury, [174]
Edmund, son of Edmund Ironside, [125]
Edward, son of Ethelred, [53], [59], [60], [127], [193], [253]-[256], [338]-[340]
Edwy, son of Ethelred, [125]
Eglaf, see Eilif
Eider River, [6], [160], [268]
Eikunda-sound, [235], [236], [238], [239]
Eilif, viking chief and Earl in England, [43], [67], [68], [102],
[118], [119], [121], [136], [149], [215], [220]
Einar Thongshaker, Norse magnate, guardian of Earl Hakon, [69];
defeated at the Nesses, [80], [81], [201];
in opposition to King Olaf, [201], [202], [213];
accepts the rule of Canute, [242];
disappointed in his ambitions, [246], [249], [250];
leads in the revolt of the Norsemen, [315]-[317], [319]
Eindrid, son of Einar, [242]
Elbe River, [153]
Elfhelm, ealdorman, [128]
Elfward, Abbot, Canute's cousin, [175]
Elfwine, Bishop, [170]
Elfwine, king's priest and Bishop, [312]
Elgiva, Canute's mistress, [128], [322];
at Jomburg, [159];
in Norway, [260], [283], [314];
opposes the canonisation of St. Olaf, [316], [317];
unpopular in Norway, [318], [319];
withdraws to England, [320], [322];
later activities of, [333]-[335]
Elmham, [170]
Ely, monastery of, [170], [325]
Emma, Queen of England, marries Ethelred, [38], [124], [126];
retires to Normandy, [53];
marries Canute, [38], [127]-[130], [146], [332];
character of, [128], [322];
makes a gift to St. Edmund's, [170];
assists at the translation of St. Alphege, [173];
intrigues of, [212];
difficulties of, after Canute's death, [333]-[337];
death of, [323];
other mention of, [87], [193], [266]
Empire, the, [48], [160], [264]-[269], [310], [320], [330]
Empire of the North, [255] ff.;
extent of, [258] ff., [324];
decline of, [258], [328];
capital of, [261];
institutional systems in, [280] ff.;
civilisation of, [285] ff.;
Canute's plans for the future of, [331]-[333];
collapse of, [331] ff., [339], [340]
Encomiast, Canute's biographer, cited, [46], [47], [49], [54], [64],
[65], [72], [73], [88], [91], [96], [100], [117], [123], [129], [226], [260], [332]
England, Scandinavian settlements in, [18] ff.;
vikings in, [22] ff., [27]-[30], [44], [45];
Danish conquest of, [37] ff., [46] ff., [49], [66] ff.;
part of, friendly to Danes, [47], [50];
revolts against Canute, [58] ff.;
is attacked by Canute, [66] ff., [75] ff.;
civil strife in, [69] ff., [77] ff.;
exhaustion of, [96];
divided at Deerhurst, [97];
Canute king of, [100], [106], [152], [205], [258]-[260], [272], [327], [329], [344];
Danish rule in, [104] ff.;
reorganised by Canute, [114] ff.;
church of, in Canute's day, [162] ff.;
debt of Northern churches to, [190], [261], [272];
Norwegian conspirators in, [202], [203];
threatened with Norman invasion, [254];
heathendom in, [277];
institutional influence of Scandinavians in, [28] off.;
Northern scalds in, [294] ff.;
Harold Harefoot king of, [334], [335];
Harthacanute king of, [332], [337], [338];
other mention of, [3], [7], [82], [83], [86], [129], [214], [229], [231],
[232], [243], [248], [280], [282], [320], [347] et passim
Ere-thing, the, [239], [240], [242]
Eric, King of Denmark, [191]
Eric Bloodax, King of Norway, [9], [10];
sons of, [181]
Eric Hakonsson, Earl in Norway and England, fights
at Hjörunga Bay, [12];
marries Canute's sister, [33], [56];
fights at Swald, [34], [35], [82], [116];
Earl in Norway, [35], [110], [197], [200], [201], [245];
summoned to assist Canute in England, [65], [68], [69], [72];
Earl of Northumbria, [80], [81], [83], [115], [118], [120], [121], [140], [142];
raids Mercia, [91];
character of, [110], [148], [149];
death of, [147], [148], [150], [202];
other mention of, [102], [119], [222], [293]
Eric the Victorious, King of Sweden, [11], [12], [28]-[31], [56]
Eric's Praise, the, [91] n.
Erling, son of Earl Hakon, [13]
Erling Skjalgsson, power and influence of, [199]-[201], [294];
in Canute's service, [213], [235], [239];
death of, [243], [244];
sons of, [207], [250]
Essex, [26], [93], [97]
Esthonians, [158]
Estrid, Canute's sister, [119], [121], [223], [253], [254], [266], [322], [338], [340]
Ethelmer, ealdorman, [52]
Ethelnoth the Good, Archbishop of Canterbury, [165], [166], [173],
[174], [190], [194], [344]
Ethelred the Ill-counselled, King of England, accession and
inheritance of, [23], [25];