Canute the Great, 995 (circa)-1035, and the Rise of Danish Imperialism during the Viking Age

by Laurence Marcellus Larson

character of, [23], [24], [84];
treats with the vikings, [27], [29], [30];
attacks the Northmen in Cumberland and Man, [37], [38];
marries Emma of Normandy, [38];
orders massacre of St. Brice's day, [39], [40];
prepares a fleet, [42], [101];
resists Sweyn, [51];
flees to Normandy, [53], [54];
is recalled and expels Canute, [59], [62];
objects to Edmund's marriage, [71];
illness and death of, [77], [83], [86];
sons and daughters of, [53], [105], [117], [124]-[127], [146], [253],
[254], [256], [266];
legislation of, [42], [139], [164], [194]
Ethelric, Bishop, [223]
Ethelstan, King of England, [181]
Ethelward, English noble, [95]
Ethelwerd, Earl, [120]
Ethics of Norse heathendom, [183] ff.
Evesham, monastery of, [171], [175], [176], [191]
Exeter, [41], [175]
Exeter Codex, [297]
F
Faroe Islands, [17], [259]
Fenlands, the, [79], [313], [325]
Ferm, English, [284]
Festivals, old Northern, [186]-[188]
Fife, [206], [234]
Finnvid Found, ancestor of the Arnungs, [199]
"Five Boroughs," the, [20], [50]
"Five hide system," the, [284]
Flanders, [190], [226], [261], [264], [337]
Fleet (described), [49], [73], [214], [238];
see Ship
Florence of Worcester, cited, [27], [72], [92] n., [97]-[99], [106],
[126], [209], [247], [249]
Forest laws, [279]
Forth, Firth of, [139], [232]
France, [264], [266]
Frankpledge, [280]
Franks, [307]
Frey, old Northern divinity, [182], [183], [185], [187], [199]
Friesen, Otto von, Swedish runologist, cited, [113], [114] n.
Frigg, old Northern goddess, [308]
Fulbert, Bishop, [227]
Funen, Danish Island, [190], [287]
"Fyrd," the, [77] n.
Fyris River, battle of, [12], [26]
G
Gainsborough, Danish camp at, [50], [52], [54], [58], [59], [128]
Garth, the royal, [290], [291]
Gaul, [74]
Gaut River, [287], [336]
Gaulland, [208]
Gemot, at Eanham, [42];
at London, [44], [105], [125];
recalls Ethelred, [59];
at Oxford, [69], [70], [139], [164], [166], [334], [335];
elects Edmund, [86];
other, elects Canute, [86];
at Cirencester, [144];
at Winchester, [312]
Gerbrand, Bishop, [190], [191], [272]
Germans in South Jutland, [4];
in Slavic lands, [153], [154];
influence of, on Northern culture, [307], [328]
Germany, [48], [158], [189], [226], [236], [269]
Gillingham, [88]
Gisela, Empress, [227]
Giski, Isle of, [199]
Glastonbury, [174], [192]
Gleeman, [292]
Gloucestershire, [96], [172]
Godebald, Bishop of Scania, [192]
Godescalc, Slavic prince, [263]
Godric, English Earl, [120]
Godwin, Ealdorman, [95]
Godwin, Earl of Wessex, early history of, [119]-[121];
important position of, [133], [150]-[152];
accompanies Canute on his expeditions to the east, [159],
[236], [237];
supports Harthacanute against Harold, [332], [334];
secures the crown for Edward, [339]
Gokstad, ship found at, [304]
Gorm, King of Denmark, [3]-[7], [14], [205], [241], [338]
Gotland, [287]
Greenland, [17], [259]
Greenwich, [54], [61], [86]
Grimkell, Norse bishop, [193], [194], [273], [315], [316]
Gudrun, saga heroine, [293]
Gunhild, Canute's daughter, [129], [160], [268], [320], [322]
Gunhild, Canute's niece, [247], [249]
Gunhild, Canute's sister, [262], [263]
Gunhild, Harold Bluetooth's Queen, [14], [15]
Gunhild, Harold Bluetooth's daughter, [15], [39]
Gunhild, Sweyn's Queen, Canute's mother, [31], [56], [65], [156]
Gunnor, Emma's mother, [129]
Gunvor, Norwegian woman, [302]
Gyrith, Harold Bluetooth's Queen, [14], [15]; see Gunhild
Gytha, Canute's sister, [33], [56], [121]
H
Hakon the Bad, Earl of Norway, [3], [10], [11], [16], [28], [29], [118],
[121], [149], [197], [293]
Hakon Ericsson, Earl in Norway, [69], [80], [120], [251], [264];
driven out by Olaf the Stout, [74];
Earl in England, [75], [119], [149], [150], [202], [203];
viceroy in Norway, [241], [242];
recalled by Canute, [247];
death of, [248], [250]
Hakon the Good, King of Norway, [9], [10], [181], [192]
Hakon of Stangeby, [214]
Hakon, viking prince, [15]
Hall, old Northern, [289] ff.
Halldor the Unchristian, scald, cited, [34]
Hällestad Stone, the, [76], [77] n.
Hallfred Troublousscald cited, [82], [308]
Hamburg-Bremen, see of, [55], [160], [190], [191], [271]-[273]
Hampshire, [167]
Harek of Tjotta, Norwegian magnate, [200], [239], [245], [250]
Harold, Earl, son of Godwin, [152]
Harold, Earl, son of Thurkil the Tall, [32], [117], [147], [211],
[241], [249], [252], [314]
Harold Bluetooth, King of Denmark, [6]-[8], [13]-[15], [25], [155],
[156], [158]
Harold Fairhair, King of Norway, [9], [28], [80]
Harold Grayfell, Norwegian King, [9], [10]
Harold Harefoot, Canute's son, [128], [129], [211], [322];
King of England, [333]-[336];
death of, [336], [337];
character of, [337]
Harold Sweynsson, King of Denmark, Canute's brother, [48],
[56], [58], [64], [65], [108], [138]
Harthacanute, Canute's son, present at the translation of
St. Alphege, [173], [211];
regent and King of Denmark, [129], [208], [211], [212], [214],
[215], [241], [242], [260], [314], [320], [331] ff.;
King of England, [129], [133], [332] ff.;
compact of, with Magnus, [98], [99];
probably chosen to succeed Canute, [260], [332], [333];
death of, [322], [339];
character of, [338]
Hastings, battle of, [267]
Hawking, [302]
"Head Ransom," the, old Norse poem, [295]
Heathby, Danish city, [282], [286]
Heathendom in England, [139], [147], [163], [277];
among the Slavs, [154];
in the North, [163], [180] ff., [197], [201], [285], [302];
Canute's legislation against, [177]-[179], [274] ff., [343]
Hebrides Islands, [18], [25]
Helgi, saga hero, [293]
Heming, Thurkil the Tall's brother, [43], [67], [68]
Heming, Thurkil's grandson, [249]
Henry I, King of France, [255], [266]
Henry II, Emperor, [48], [160], [267], [326]
Henry III, Emperor, [160], [268], [320]
Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, [5], [268]
Henry of Huntingdon cited, [89]
Heorot, [6]
"Here," the, viking host, [77] n.
Hereford, [94]
Heroic poetry, old Northern, [293]
Hildebrand, [270]
Hjörunga Bay, battle of, [12]-[14], [16], [26], [68], [116]
Holy River, battle of, [167], [216] ff., [220], [222], [224], [235],
[265], [294]
Holy Trinity, Church of the, [8], [14], [57], [222]
Home, Scandinavian, [288], [289]
Hönen, runic monument at, [17] n.
Honour, Northern ideas of, [281]
Hordaland, district in Norway, [17]
Hornel-mount, the, [238]
Hostages, [50], [63], [64], [147], [238], [242], [327]
House, old Northern, [289] ff.
Housecarles, Canute's, [131]-[135], [173], [237], [261], [282], [334]
Hugo, Norman commander at Exeter, [41]
Humber River, [27], [49], [75], [79]
Hungary, [126], [340]
Hude Register, [56]
I
Iceland, [17], [22], [259], [283]
India, [291]
Industrial arts, Northern, [304] ff.
Inscriptions, see Runic inscriptions
Instituta Cnuti, [278]
Ireland, Scandinavians in, [18], [60], [61]
Irish Sea, viking rendezvous, [24]-[26], [37], [45], [60];
cities near, [287], [330]
Italy, [48], [229], [267]
Ivar White, Canute's housecarle, [222]
J
Jæderen, district in Norway, [199]
Jehmarc, vassal of Canute, [232], [233]
Jelling, royal residence in Jutland, [4]-[6], [14]
Jelling Stones, runic monuments, [6], [7]
Jemteland, district in Sweden, [258]
Jersey, Island of, [254]
Jewelry, old Northern, [303]
John XIX, Pope, [230], [270], [345]
Jom, see Jomburg
Jomburg, city and stronghold in Wendland, [8], [12], [14], [32],
[40], [154] ff., [158], [159], [241], [248]-[250], [258], [260], [314]
Jomvikings, attack Sweden and Norway, [12], [13], [26];
take part in the battle of Swald, [33], [34];
attack England, [42] ff., [157];
enter English service, [44]-[46], [48], [54];
hostle to the Danish kings, [156];
saga of, [66];
tactics of, [77] and n.;
organisation of, [132], [155], [156]
Julin, see Jomburg
Jumièges, William of, see William
Jumneta, see Jomburg
Justiciar, Norman official, [111]
Jutland (and Jutes), [3]-[5], [10], [158], [163], [180], [212], [214],
[241], [267]
K
Kalf Arnesson, Norwegian magnate, [245]-[247], [250], [251], [319]
Kent, [49], [75], [92]
Kingscrag, city in modern Sweden, [208], [213], [287]
King's Delf, [314]
Kingship, joint, [335]
Knytlingasaga, [323]
Knytlings, dynasty of Canute, [2], [35], [300], [322], [324], [337], [340]
Kurisches Haff, [158]
L
Lakenheath, [170]
Lambert, Canute's Christian name, [164], [165], [325]
Lambeth, [339]
Lateran synod (1027), [228]
Law, Scandinavian ideas of, [281], [282]
"Laws of Edward," the, [278]-[280]
"Lay of Righ," the, old Northern poem, [288], [289]
Legislation, English, [139], [164], [172], [274] ff., [342], [343]
Leicester, [20]
Leif the Lucky, Icelandic explorer, [17]
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, [151], [334]
Leofwine, Earl of Mercia, [120], [121], [124], [150]-[152]
Lethra (Leire), [6]
Libentius, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, [273], [274]
Liber Vitæ, [323];
see Hyde Register
Liebermann, F., German historian, cited, [278]
Liffey River, [18]
Lifing, Archbishop, [166]-[169], [270], [341]
Lifing, Bishop of Crediton, [166]-[168], [176], [229], [339]
Lime Firth, [214], [216], [236]-[238]
Limerick, [287]
Lincoln, [20], [61], [79]
Lindsey, [50],

[61], [95]
Lister, district in Norway, [238]
"Lithsmen's Song," the, old Norse poem, [87], [91]
Lithuanians, [153]
Lombardy, [268]
London, resists the Danes, [51], [52], [83];
thingmen in, [53], [66], [67];
sieges of, [62], [86] ff., [93], [135];
held by Canute, [97]-[99], [105];
opposes translation of St. Alphege, [172], [173];
supports Harold Harefoot, [334];
accepts Edward, [339]
London Bridge broken by Olaf the Stout, [51]
Long Serpent, the, Olaf Trygvesson's longship, [35],
[305], [306]
Longships, see Ships
Lorraine, [226], [261], [268]
Lothian, ceded to the Scotch, [139]-[142], [151], [233], [258]
Louis the Pious, Emperor, [163]
Lund, Scanian see, [282]
M
Macbeth, [233], [234]
Maelar, Lake, [286]
Mælbeathe, Canute's vassal, [232], [233]
Magnus Olafsson, King of Norway and Denmark, [98], [99], [319],
[320], [334], [336], [338]-[340]
Malcolm, King of Scotland, [139], [141], [232]-[234]
Maldon, battle of, [26], [296]
Malmesbury, [71], [88]
Malmesbury, William of, see William
Man, Isle of, [18], [309]
Manna, Sweyn's housecarle, [135]
Marriage in Canute's day, [277];
laws relating to, [281], [282]
Matthew Paris, English chronicler, cited, [314]
Medway River, [91]
Mercia, old English kingdom, [24], [70], [71], [79], [83], [91], [97],
[102], [115], [118], [120], [122]-[124], [150], [334], [336]
Merseburg, Thietmar of, see Thietmar
Midlands, the, [50], [83], [89], [151]
Mieczislav, Duke of Poland, [33]
Mieczislav, King of Poland, [126], [160]
Mints, [282]
Miracles attributed to St. Olaf, [252], [315]
Mistiwi, [14]
Monasticism, in Denmark, [191];
in Norway, [317]
Moneyers in Denmark, [282]
Moray Firth, [233]
Morcar, magnate in the Danelaw, [70]
Munch, P.A., Norse historian, cited, [13], [30] n., [109] n., [233], [234]
"Murdrum fine," [279], [280]
N
Naples, Northmen in, [328]
Navarre, [264]
Navy, English, [27], [42]
Naze, the, [10], [35], [199], [239], [243]
Nesses, the, battle of, [80], [81], [102], [201]
New Minster, Winchester, [175]
Niard, [187]; see Njord
Nid River, [238], [239]
Nidaros, capital of Norway, [102], [103], [237], [239], [250], [259],
[260], [283], [287], [312], [315], [317], [332], [333]
"Nithing name," [281]
Njord, [308]; see Niard
Norfolk, [43]
Norman conquest, effect of, on old English literature, [297];
hastened by Canute's conquest, [329]
Norman officials in the Northern churches, [262], [264]
Normandy, foundation of, [2], [18], [19] n., [22], [328];
as a viking rendezvous, [38], [41];
Ethelred's relations with, [38], [53], [59];
Canute's relations with, [127]-[130], [253], [254], [264], [265], [330];
ethelings in, [127], [128], [200], [254], [329];
famine in, [266]
North, the, [1]-3, [22], [26], [28], [38], [48], [58], [68], [98], [105], [122],
[131], [162], [180], [182], [189], [191], [198], [215], [224], [225], [257],
[263], [280], [288], [300], [305], [307], [318] et passim
Northampton, [128]
Northman, Mercian noble, [124]
Northmen, Norsemen, Norwegians, the, at war with the Danes,
[13], [33] ff., [208], [211] ff., [217] ff., [236] ff., [333], [336];
in the Scandinavian colonies, [17]-[20], [70], [118], [150], [185],
[248], [259], [287], [301];
in rebellion against Earl Hakon, [28];
defeated in Ireland, [60], [61];
as earls and officials in England, [120] ff., [141];
religion of, [182] ff., [307];
oppose King Olaf, [197] ff., [326];
accept the rule of Canute, [237], [252], [311], [344];
at Canute's court, [262];
oppose Elgiva and Sweyn, [283], [318], [319];
civilisation of, [285] ff.;
commerce of, [288];
canonise St. Olaf, [316] ff.;
repudiate Canute's kingship, [319];
see Norway
Northumbria, [24], [50], [74], [78], [79], [83], [97], [110], [115], [118], [121],
[139], [149], [150]
Norway, controlled by the Danes, [3], [7], [9], [10], [48], [65], [107], [231] ff.;
attacked by the Jomvikings, [12], [13], [26];
Olaf Trygvesson king of, [29] ff.;
Eric and Sweyn, earls in, [35], [69], [110], [197];
Olaf the Stout king of, [74], [75], [81], [102], [119] et passim;
missionary operations in, [29], [103], [163], [172], [181], [192]-[194],
[271], [273], [274];
at war with Denmark, [119], [151], [215] ff., [263], [333], [336];
dissatisfaction in, [163], [164], [195], [196], [198], [199], [209];
bribery in, [209], [210], [230], [234] ff., [246], [326];
Canute king of, [152], [244], [258], [259];
Hakon viceroy of, [241], [242], [246]-[248];
Elgiva and Sweyn regents of, [128], [129], [314] ff., [331];
rebellious movements in, [260], [262], [263], [266], [310], [319],
[320], [333];
Canute's legislation for, [280], [282]-[284];
cities and commerce of, [286]-[288];
Magnus Olafsson king of, [319], [333], [336];
other mention of, [16], [17], [56], [69], [98], [212] et passim;
see also Northmen
Nottingham, [20], [79]
Novgorod, [287]
O
Odderness Stone, runic monument, [194] n.
Odense, [190], [191], [282], [287]
Oder River, [8], [9], [12], [16], [42], [154], [155], [158], [258], [267]
Odo, Count of Chartres, [53], [62]
Olaf, King of Sweden, [48], [68]
Olaf Haroldsson (the Stout), King of Norway, viking
activities of, [43], [46], [51], [52], [62], [74], [109], [318];
in English and Norman service, [51], [52], [62], [63];
baptism of, [62], [181];
returns to Norway and seizes Earl Hakon, [73]-[75], [119];
wins a victory at the Nesses, [80], [81];
King of Norway, [63], [80], [102], [103], [108], [199] et passim;
missionary activities of, [43], [163], [192], [195], [197] ff., [224],
[225], [272], [273];
opposition to, [163], [164], [196]-[199], [201]-[203], [221], [236], [255];
character of, [184], [197], [209], [255], [326];
purposes of, [197], [198];
defies Canute, [204]-[207];
forms an alliance with the Swedish king, [207], [208], [213];
raises the host of Norway and harries the Danish coast,
[213], [215], [216];
traps Canute at Holy River, [216] ff.;
retreat to Norway, [219], [220];
loses his kingdom to Canute, [231] ff.;
deserted by his chiefs, [237], [238];
tries to resume his rule, [242]-[244];
flees to Russia, [244];
is recalled to Norway, [250];
falls at Stiklestead, [74], [163], [201], [252], [292], [319];
miracles attributed to, [252];
canonisation and worship of, [287], [312], [315]-[319];
and his scalds, [292], [295];
other mention of, [226], [246], [304], [309], [333]
Olaf Trygvesson, King of Norway, early life of, [28];
viking activities of, [26], [27], [37], [52], [319];
becomes a Christian, [29], [172], [181];
King of Norway, [28], [29], [199];
wooes Sigrid the Haughty, [31];
marries Thyra, [33];
falls at Swald, [34], [35], [69], [76], [82];
missionary work of, [192], [272], [308];
founder of Nidaros, [287]
Old Minster, Winchester, [176], [321], [323]
Olney, compact of, [98], [104]
Olvi of Egg, Norwegian magnate, [200], [245]
Omens, [23], [140], [311], [336]
Ordeal, [7], [281]
Orkney Islands, [17], [18], [232], [248], [259]
Ornamentation, styles of, [301] ff.
Orwell River, [91]
Osbern, biographer of St. Alphege, cited, [173]
Oslo Firth, [238], [242], [243]
Otford, skirmish at, [92], [101]
Ottar the Swart, scald, cited, [63], [109], [234], [294], [295]
Otto the Great, Emperor, [11]
Ottos, dynasty of the, [48], [267]
Oxford, [43], [50], [69], [100], [164], [166], [334]-[337], [343]
P
Palace, royal, [189], [291]
Pallig, ealdorman, [15], [39], [40], [175]
Pallium, cost of the, [228], [345]
Palna Toki, archer and viking, [14], [40], [155]
Papacy, state of, [270]
Paris, Matthew, see Matthew
Penal laws in England, [281]
Penselwood, battle of, [88], [101]
Pentland Firth, [17], [248], [249]
Peterborough, [53]
Peter's pence, [191], [192], [228], [270], [276], [347]
"Pictured rocks," [302], [303]
Pilgrims, complaints of the, [228], [345]
Piræus, [301]
Poetry, old Northern, [292] ff.
Poland, [31], [33], [48], [65], [153], [264], [268]
Pomerania, [2], [34]
Pope, [48], [264], [270], [341]
Poppo, Danish clerk, [7]
"Praise lays," [261], [293]
Proclamation of 1020, Canute's, [110], [111], [142], [144]-[147],
[166], [168], [177]-[179], [341]-[343]
Prussia, [3], [258]
Q
Quadripartitus, [278]
Quedlingburg, [11]
R
Ragnarok myth, [188], [189]
Ramsey, abbey of, [95], [171], [223], [314]
Ramsund rock, pictures on the, [303]
Ranig, Scandinavian Earl in England, [120], [149]
Raven banner, the, [94], [117]
Reginbert, Bishop of Funen, [190]
Religion, old Northern, [181] ff., [276], [277], [293], [318];
origin of, [182];
divinities of, [182], [183];
ethics of, [183], [184], [277];
ritual and sacrifices of, [185] ff.;
festivals of, [186] ff.
Repingdon, [171]
Reric, Danish city in Wendland, [153]
Rhine River, [193]

Rhone River, [226]
Richard of Cirencester, chronicler, cited, [210]
Richard, Duke of Normandy, [38], [40], [53], [62], [266]
Ridings in Yorkshire, [281]
Riga, [258]
Righ, old Northern divinity, [288], [289]
Ringmere, battle of, [43], [294]
Ring-realm, district in Norway, [243]
Rings, Scandinavian, [296], [303], [304]
Ringsted, Danish city, [282]
Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, [62]
Robert, King of France, [62]
Robert the Devil, Duke of Normandy, [130], [253]-[255], [266], [267]
Roeskild, capital of Denmark, [8], [14], [15], [45], [57], [190]-[192],
[221], [260], [261], [282], [327]
Roeskild Firth, [6]
Rogaland, district in Norway, [17]
Rolf, founder of Normandy, [1], [2], [18]
Rome, [148], [152], [166], [167], [202], [211], [221], [224], [227]-[229], [234],
[252], [262], [265], [269], [270], [341], [345], [346]
Rouen, [62], [127], [181], [254], [255], [262], [266], [294]
Route of the Danes to the west, [49], [226]
Rudolf, Bishop in Norway, [193]
Rudolf, King of Burgundy, [227], [345]
Rügen, Island of, [34]
"Rune-masters," [298], [301]
Runes, [298] ff.
Runic art, see Art
Runic inscriptions, [6], [7], [14], [17] n., [30] n., [35] n., [42] n.,
[76], [113], [134], [135], [151], [194] n., [237], [299] ff., [302]
Russia, [16], [244], [250], [287], [288], [319]
S
Sacrifices, old Northern, [185], [186]
Saga materials in old Northern poetry, [293]
St. Alphege, see Alphege
St. Ansgar, missionary to the North, [163]
St. Benet Hulme, monastery of, [170], [175]
St. Bertin, monastery of, [226]
St. Brice, [313]
St. Brice's day, massacre of, [39], [40], [42]
St. Clemens, church of, [103]
St. Cuthbert, [172], [176]
St. Dunstan, [172], [176], [312]
St. Edith, [171]
St. Edmund, [55], [95], [169], [170], [172], [176]
St. Felix, [171], [176]
St. Frideswide, church of, [70]
St. Henry, see Henry II
St. Mary Devon, church of, [175]
St. Olaf, see Olaf Haroldsson
St. Omer, [226]
St. Paul, [344]
St. Paul's, church of, [172]
St. Peter, [225], [344], [347]
St. Stephen, see Stephen
St. Thomas, [290], [291]
St. Vincent, [313]
St. Wistan, [171], [175]
Saints, [318]
Salop, [79]
Sandefjord, town in Norway, [304]
Sandwich, [43], [49], [63], [327]
Santslaue (Santslave), Canute's sister, [57], [262];
see Svantoslava
Sarpsborg, city in Norway, [208], [220], [243], [287]
Saxo, Danish chronicler, cited, [13], [14], [25] n., [132], [215], [216]
Saxony, [28], [154]
Scalds, [43], [122], [261], [291] ff., [326]
Scandinavia, [16], [22], [28], [48], [60], [72], [180], [231], [233], [257] ff.,
[285], [286], [288], [299], [307], [318], [324], [327] et passim
Scandinavian colonies, [16] ff., [25], [60], [83], [84], [104], [118],
[139], [150], [234], [277], [301], [332]
Scania, [3], [4], [12], [121], [135], [180], [190], [192], [214], [216]
Schlei, inlet in Sleswick, [5], [268]
Scone, [232]
Scotland, [139]-[142], [205], [232]-[234], [258], [259], [264], [329]
Secular laws of Canute, [276] ff.
Seine River, [18]
Semland, [258]
"Seven Boroughs," the, see "Five Boroughs"
Severn Valley, [21], [39] n., [96], [136], [202]
Shaftesbury, [321]
Shakespeare, [233]
Sheppey, Danish camp at, [91]-[93]
Sherburne, [313]
Sherstone, battle of, [88], [101], [117]
Shetland Islands, [17], [259]
Shield, legendary Danish king, [3]
Shieldings, legendary Danish dynasty, [3], [4], [6]
Ship as numerical term, [77]
Ships, Scandinavian, [304], [305]
Short Serpent, the, longship, [82]
"Shrine Song," the, old Norse poem, [319]
Sibyl, the, of the Eddas, [188]
"Sibyl's Prophecy," the, old Northern poem, [292], [293], [307];
see Voluspá
Sigeferth, magnate in the Danelaw, [70], [125]
Sigfrid, Bishop in Norway, [192]
Sigfried, [293], [302], [303]
Sighvat the Scald cited, [206], [226], [234], [252], [262], [294]-[296],
[304], [318], [319]
Sigrid, wife of Kalf Arnesson, [245]
Sigrid the Haughty, Canute's stepmother, [31], [57], [65], [66], [163]
Sigrun, saga heroine, [293]
Sigurd, Bishop, see Sigfrid
Sigurd, Earl Hakon's court bishop, [251], [264], [315]
Sigurd, Norwegian earl, [10]
Sigurd, saga hero, see Sigfried
Sigvaldi, Earl at Jomburg, [12], [26], [32], [34], [42], [156], [157]
Simeon of Durham, English chronicler, cited, [80], [141], [142]
Siric, Archbishop of Canterbury, [26], [27]
Siward, Abbot of Abingdon, [313]
Siward the Strong, Earl of Northumbria, [121]
Skartha, Danish housecarle, [30] n., [56]
Skene, W.F., Scotch historian, cited, [233]
Skiringshall, city in Norway, [286]
Skjalg Erlingsson, Norwegian chief, [207]
Skogul Tosti, see Tosti
Slavic lands and peoples, [3], [8], [9], [14], [15], [34], [126], [151] ff.,
[160], [258], [260], [272], [327], [344]
Sleswick, [3], [160], [268], [269], [282], [286]
Slesswick, massacre at, [66], [96]
Snorre, Icelandic historian, cited, [35], [51], [63], [98], [99], [202],
[203], [206], [215], [217], [218], [220], [222], [246], [247], [316], [317] et passim
passimSogn Firth, [199]
Soli, Erling's garth, [199], [209], [235], [239]
Sönder Vissing, runic monument at, [14]
"Song of the High One," the, old Northern poem, [183], [184]
Sortilege in the old Northern religion, [187], [188]
Sound, the, [192], [216], [220], [237]
Southampton, [25], [86]
South Jutland, [4]
Southwark, [51], [173]
Spain, [264]
Spey River, [232]
Stadt, Cape, [199], [238], [239]
Staffordshire, [79]
Staller, Scandinavian official, [282]
Stamford, [20]
Stangeberg, battle of, [216]
Stavanger, [17], [199]
Steenstrup, J.C.H.R., Danish historian, cited, [19] n., [30] n.,
[57] n., [109] n., [157]
Stenkyrka Stone, pictured rock, [302]
Stephen, King of Hungary, [126], [326]
Stigand, Anglo-Danish priest, [169]
Stiklestead, battle of, [163], [245], [250]-[252], [292], [294], [314],
[315], [319]
Stockholm, [113]
Stord, battle of, [10]
Storm, Gustav, Norwegian historian, cited, [43] n.
Strathclyde, [140]
"Stretch Song," the, old Northern poem, [294], [296]
Styrbjörn, Earl at Jomburg, [12], [14], [15], [26], [30]
Suffolk, [91]
Surety, old English, [280]
Sussex, [49]
Svantoslava, [57];
see Santslaue
Sveno, Danish chronicler, cited, [131]
Swald, battle of, [34]-[36], [42], [68], [69], [76], [82], [116], [192],
[242], [294]
Swart, lord of the fire-world, [188]
Sweden, [11], [12], [26], [30], [33]-[35], [48], [81], [130], [134], [152], [167],
[180], [185], [186], [192], [201], [202], [204], [207], [208], [211], [237],
[264], [271], [286], [303], [336]
Swelchie, the, of Pentland Firth, [249]
Sweyn, son of Canute and Elgiva, [128];
Earl in Wendland, [159], [241];
regent in Denmark, [211];
regent in Norway, [248]-[250], [252], [260], [263], [283], [314],
[318]-[320], [331], [332];
flees to Denmark, [320], [333];
death of, [320]-[322]
Sweyn, Danish housecarle, [135]
Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, in rebellion against
his father, [13], [14], [156];
King of Denmark, [15] ff., [192];
plans of, [16];
viking activities of, [23], [25]-[28], [37], [293];
family of, [31], [56], [57];
attacks King Olaf and acquires part of Norway, [33]-[35], [65];
has designs on England, [38], [40], [45] ff.;
conquers England, [49]-[53], [59], [64], [79];
death of, [54]-[58], [60], [66], [170];
character and personality of, [55], [56], [163]
Sweyn Hakonsson, Norwegian Earl, [35], [69], [80], [81], [197]
Sweyn Ulfsson, King of Denmark, Canute's nephew, [223], [224], [338]-[340]
T
Tavistock, abbey of, [125], [167]
Tees River, [120]
Thames River and valley, [19], [42], [43], [50], [52], [59], [78], [87],
[93], [95], [105], [335]
Thanet, Isle of, [25], [43]
Thegns, king's, [236], [261]
Thetford, [41]
Thietmar of Merseburg, German chronicler, cited, [57] n., [87],
[135], [136]
Thingmen, Danish mercenaries in England, [66]-[68], [131]
Thor, old Northern divinity, [181], [182], [185], [201], [307],
[309], [318]
Thor the Dog, Norwegian magnate, [200], [239], [245], [250]
Thora, Arne's wife, [200]
Thorarin Praise-tongue, scald, [238], [241], [294], [295], [319]
Thord, thingman, [67]
Thoretus, Earl in England, [101]
Thorgils Sprakaleg, Swedish magnate, [119], [121]
Thorir, Norwegian chief, [245]
Throndelaw, district in Norway, [10], [80], [201], [204], [244], [249],
[250], [320], [333]
Throndhjem, [102], [103], [239], [287];
see Nidaros
Thrym, viking, [44]
Thurbrand, Uhtred's banesman, [80]
Thurgot, Danish warrior, [135]
Thurkil, son of Nafena, chief in the Danelaw, [79], [81]-[83]
Thurkil Mareshead, [43]
Thurkil Nefja, [82];
see Thurkil, son of Nafena
Thurkil the Tall, viking chief, Canute's foster father, [32],
[76], [116], [117], [241];
leads Jomvikings in England, [42], [52], [113], [114], [116],
[157], [174];
chief of the viking mercenaries in England, [45]-[47], [51], [61],

[62], [66], [67];
deserts to Canute, [68], [116];
fights at Penselwood and Sherstone, [88], [89];
fights at Ashington, [96];
Canute's chief counsellor and viceroy in England, [110]-[112],
[138], [177], [342];
Earl of East Anglia, [115], [116], [138], [170];
marries Ethelred's daughter, [117], [118], [146];
exiled from England, [117], [118], [146], [147], [150], [157];
reconciled to Canute, [118], [147], [158], [211];
viceroy in Denmark, [118], [159], [208], [211];
death of, [159], [211]
Thurkil, grandson of Thurkil the Tall, [249]
Thyra, Queen of Denmark, [5]-[7]
Thyra, Queen of Norway, Canute's aunt, [12], [15], [33]
Tithing, [280]
Tjängvide Stone, pictured rock, [302]
Tjotta, Isle of, [200]
Toki, see Palna Toki
Tosti, Swedish viking, [113], [114] n.
Tova, Queen of Denmark, [14], [15]
Treene River, [5]
Trent River, [50], [52], [61]
Trygve, Norwegian pretender, [319]
Tunsberg, city in Norway, [204], [208], [243], [287]
Tweed River, [139]-[141]
U
Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria, [50], [78]-[81], [114], [115], [120], [140]
Ulf, Canute's brother-in-law, one of Canute's generals, [102];
Earl in England, [119], [121];
Earl in Jomburg, [159];
viceroy in Denmark, [159], [208], [212];
treason of, [212]-[215], [220], [327];
rescues Canute at Holy River, [218], [222];
murder of, [8], [221], [222], [322], [327], [340];
character of, [211], [212], [221], [222]
Ulf, Swedish viking, [113], [114]
Ulfkellsland, [66], [95]
Ulfketel, Earl of East Anglia, [41], [43], [66], [67], [95], [114], [115]
Ulfrun, Elgiva's mother, [128]
Unwan, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, [160], [191], [272]-[274]
Uplands, the, district in Norway, [315]
Uppland, region in Sweden, [12], [113], [134]
Upsala, Swedish sanctuary at, [185], [186]
V
Vandals, [159]
Varangians, Scandinavian guard at Byzantium, [149]
Vercelli Book, the, [297]
Viborg, Danish sanctuary at, [212]
Vikings, the, [15], [18], [22]-[27], [44], [49], [61], [75], [76], [84], [94],
[113], [135], [136], [180], [184], [277], [285], [286], [291], [293], [294],
[303], [306], [327], [329], [330]
Vineland, [17]
Vistula River, [153], [158], [258], [267]
Volsungs, the, saga heroes, [292]
Voluspá, [292];
see Sibyl's Prophecy
W
Wales, [28], [136], [329], [335]
Walhalla, [302]
Wallingford, [52]
Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, [140]
Wapentake, [281]
Warwick, [78]
Waterford, [18]
Watling Street, [50]
Wayland Smith, saga hero, [302]
Wendland, [3], [34], [82], [129], [153], [158]-[160], [199], [267];
see Slavic lands
Wessex, expansion of, [23];
attacked and plundered by the Danes, [24], [45], [49], [59], [297];
submits to Canute, [78], [83], [104], [105];
given to Edmund at Deerhurst, [97];
Danegeld levied in, [98];
under Canute's rule, [112], [115], [261];
retains Saxon character, [332];
supports claims of Harthacanute, [334]
Westminster, [336]
Wexford, [18]
Wick, the, district in Norway, [3], [204], [241], [252]
Wicklow, [18]
Widukind, of Corvey, chronicler, cited, [8]
Wight, Isle of, [53], [85], [157]
Wiht, Wihtland, see Witland
William, Bishop of Roeskild, [261], [262]
William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, [107], [113], [253],
[267], [279], [280]
William the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, [264], [265], [298]
William of Jumièges, Norman chronicler, [254]
William of Malmesbury, Norman-English historian, cited, [45],
[101], [167], [168], [171]
Wiltshire, [78], [88]
Wimmer, Ludvig, Danish runologist, cited, [6]
Winchester, capital of England, [25], [50];
Canute's residential city, [112], [164], [190], [194], [203],
[245], [260], [261], [291], [293], [332];
see of, [169], [312];
Canute's gifts to monasteries of, [175], [176], [313];
scalds at the court of, [294];
Canute buried in, [321];
other mention of, [166], [172]
Wisby, [287]
Witenagemot,[312];
see Gemot
Witigern, Slavic prince, [247], [263]
Witland, [157], [158], [258]
Woden, old Northern divinity, [94], [182], [183], [185], [201], [299],
[308], [318]
Wollin, island and village near the mouth of the Oder, [154], [155]
Worcester, Florence of, see Florence
Worcestershire, [21], [119]
Worsaae, J.J.A., Danish antiquarian, cited, [20] n.
Writing, runic, [298]
Wrytsleof, Slavic prince, [263];
see Witigern
Wulfstan, Archbishop of York, [112], [169], [296]
Wulfstan, English traveller, [158]
Wyrtgeorn, see Witigern
Y
Yggdrasil, mythical ash tree, [307]
York, [19], [21], [57], [79], [81], [85], [176], [177], [281], [296], [312], [344]
Yule festival, old Northern, [186], [187], [275], [307]
Z
Zealand, [6], [190], [213], [215], [220]