[32] On the Khassidim, read M. Sachor-Masoch, Sectes juives de la Galicie, in Actes et Conférances de la Société des Études Juives, 1889, pp. cxli-clxiii, and S. Schechter, Studies in Judaism, pp. 1-45 and 341. For the Russian sources on the Khassidim, see Sistematičeskij ukazatel' literatury o evrejach, pp. 177-179 (Nos. 2424-2476). Stories of Adam Balschem are mentioned by Steinschneider, as Geschichte des R. Adam Baal Schem, and Geschichte des R. Adam mit dem Kaiser, in Serapeum, Vol. X. (1849), p. 9, No. 183. See also Urquell, Vol. V. p. 266, and Vol. VI. p. 33. B. W. Segel's Jüdische Wundermänner, in Globus, Vol. LXII. pp. 312-314, 331-334, 343-345, are merely translations from the Sseefer Ssipuree Maisses (Khal Chsidim); of similar origin is his O chasydach i chasydyzmie, in Wista, Vol. VIII. pp. 304-312, 509-521, 677-690; other stories by him are in his Materyały do etnografii żydów, as above.
[33] The older literature of that class is briefly discussed by Steinschneider in his articles in the Serapeum under the following numbers (for the years 1848, 1849, 1864, 1866, 1869): 392, Kalilah we-Dimnah; 393, Barlaam and Josaphat; 59, 399, Diocletianus; 266 b, Octavianus; 22, Bevys of Hamptoun; 51, Ritter Sigmund und Magdalena; 266, König Artus; 13, Eldad ha-Dani; 156-198, 410-413, 420, various stories; 212, 213, fables (Kuhbuch); 167, Maase Nissim; 156-158, Maasebuch. But the latter has been superseded by his Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur und Jüdisch-deutsch, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Avé-Lallemant; 2. Artikel: Das Maase-Buch, Serapeum, Vol. XXVII. (1866), No. 1. This Maasebuch is extremely rare now, but in its day it was enormously popular, having been used for regular religious readings on the Sabbath. Wagenseil and Buxtorf mention this fact, while Helwich thought it of sufficient importance to translate the book into German and supply it with critical notes. Helwich's book seems to have escaped the attention of all who have dealt on the Maasebuch, Steinschneider included; and yet without it a study of the Jewish folklore is very difficult, as the Maasebuch can hardly be procured. The title of the book is: Erster Theil jüdischer Historien oder Thalmudischer Rabbinischer wunderlicher Legenden, so von Juden als wahrhafftige und heylige Geschicht an ihren Sabbathen und Festtagen gelesen werden. Darausz dieses verstockten Volcks Aberglauben und Fabelwerck zu ersehen. Ausz ihren eigenen Büchern in Truck Teutsch verfertigt, von neuem übersehen und corrigiert durch Christophorum Helvicum, der H. Schrift und Hebräischen Sprach Professorem in der Universitet zu Giessen, Giessen, bey Caspar Chemlein, Im Jahre 1612, 16mo, 222 pp. Second part with slightly different title. After gelesen werden follows: Sampt beygefügten Glossen und Widerlegung, 16mo, 207 pp. See also Is. Lévi, Cinq contes juifs, in Mélusine, Vol. II. col. 569-574. On the König Artus, cf. Schröder, Mitteilungen über ein deutsches Wigaloisepos aus dem 17. Jahrhunderte, M. Hanau B. V. Hess. G. Some of these stories are discussed in Jacobs's Jewish Diffusion of Folk Tales (as above).
[34] A few scattered stories may be found in the following publications: M. Schwarzfeld, Basmul cu Pantoful la Evrei, la Români şi la alte Popoare, Studiu folkloristic, Bucureşti, 1893, 8vo, 27 pp. (Extras din Anuarul pentru Israeliţi, Vol. XV. pp. 138-165); by the same, Scrisoare către Dumnezeu, Cercetare folcloristică (Anuarul pentru Israeliţi, Vol. XV. pp. 191-198); R. T. Kaindl, Eine jüdische Sage über die Entstehung des Erdbebens, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Vol. XXV. p. 370; B. W. Segel, Jüdische Volksmärchen, in Globus, Vol. LX. pp. 283 ff., 296-298, 313-315. The largest collection of folk-tales by the same author are given in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej, Vol. XVII., Cracow, 1893, under the title, Materyały do etnografii żydów wschodnio-galicyjskich, pp. 261-332; a review of this important work, in German, is given in the Urquell, Vol. V. pp. 183-186. Scattered through the Urquell there are many interesting tales, mainly on gilgulim, leezim, meessim; cf. Vol. IV., pp. 96, 97, 257; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 80, 81, 121, 122, 344, 345, 351; see also Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p. 210. See also the bibliography of the legends, etc., in Sistematičeskij ukazatel, p. 211 (Nos. 3133-3136).
[35] On the customs, beliefs, superstitions, etc., of the Jews, see A. P. Bender, Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning, in Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. VI. pp. 317-347, 664-671, and Vol. VII. pp. 101-118; Dan, Volksglauben und Gebräuche der Juden in der Bukowina, in Zeitschrift für österreichische Volkskunde, Vol. II. Nos. 2, 3; Hedvige Heinicke, Le carnaval des juifs galiciens, in Revue des Traditions populaires, Vol. VI. p. 118; I. Buchbinder, Jüdische Sabobones, in Hausfreund, Vol. II. pp. 167-170; Steinschneider mentions books dealing on superstitions in his catalogue in the Serapeum, under the numbers 219 and 421. This subject is treated extensively in the Urquell, Vol. II. pp. 5-7, 34-36, 112, 165, 166, 181-183; Vol. III. pp. 18, 19, 286-288; Vol. IV. pp. 73-75, 94-96, 118, 119, 141, 142, 170, 171, 187-189, 210, 211, 272-274; Vol. V. pp. 19, 81, 170, 171, 225-228, 290, 291; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 9, 46-49, 270, 271; Vol. II. pp. 33, 34, 46, 108-110. See also Segel, Materyały do etnografii żydów, etc., pp. 319-328; S. Abramowitsch, Dās klēine Menschele, pp. 76-77; Linetzki, Dās chsidische Jüngel, pp. 29-31, 114. For a general work on Jewish superstitions, see M. Schuhl, Superstitions et coutumes populaires du Judaisme contemporain, Paris, 1882, 4to, 42 pp. The most important contribution on the beliefs of the German Jews in the early Middle Ages is given by Güdemann, Geschichte des Erziehungswesen und der Cultur der Juden, etc., Vol. I. Chap. VII. pp. 199-228, under the title, Der jüdische Aber-, Zauber-und Hexen-glaube in Frankreich und Deutschland im 12. und 13. Jahrhunderte. See also the bibliography of the subject in the Sistematičeskij ukazatel', pp. 211, 212 (Nos. 3137-3159). A large number of superstitions, beliefs, etc., are scattered throughout the Judeo-German literature: probably the most important of such works is Schatzkes' Der jüdischer Var-Peessach (q.v.).
[36] For proverbs and the discussion of the same, see: M. Spektor, Jüdische Volkswörtlich, in Jüdisches Volksblatt, Vol. VI. pp. 63, 95, 112, 128, 191, 304, 423, 488; I. Bernstein, Sprichwörter, in Hausfreund, Vol. I. pp. 89-112, and Vol. II. pp. 1-49 (second part); S. Adelberg, Przysłowia żydowskie, in Wisła, Vol. IV. pp. 166-187; M. Schwarzfeld, Literatura populară Israelită ca element etnico-psichologic, in Anuarul pentru Israeliţi, Vol. XII. pp. 41-52; the same, Evreii in Literatura lor populară sau Cum se judecă evreii insusi, Studiu etnico-psichologic, Bucureşti, 1898, 8vo, 37 pp. (Anuarul pentru Israeliţi, Vol. XIX. pp. 1-37). In connection with the last two, though not strictly on Jewish proverbs, see his Evreii in Literatura populară Romană, Studiu de psichologie populară,—Anex, Evreii in literatura populară universală, Tablou comparativ, Bucureşti, 1892, 8vo, 78 pp. (Extras din Anuarul pentru Israeliţi, Vol. XIV. pp. 97-172). A large number of proverbs from various Slavic localities are given in the Urquell: Vol. II. pp. 26, 27, 66, 112, 131, 163, 178, 196; Vol. IV. pp. 75, 76, 194, 212, 215, 256, 257; Vol. VI. pp. 33, 34, 69, 119-121; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 14, 15, 119-121, 172-175, 271-279; Vol. II. pp. 221, 222, 311-313, 338-340. For the proverbs of the German Jews, see A. Tendlau, Sprichwörter und Redensarten deutsch-jüdischer Vorzeit, als Beitrag zur Volks-, Sprach-und Sprichwörter-kunde, aufgezeichnet aus dem Munde des Volkes und nach Wort und Sinn erläutert, Frankfurt a. M. (1860).
[37] The older books on Eulenspiegel are given by Steinschneider in the Serapeum, under Nos. 10, 288, and 388; in the Urquell, there are a few stories on Chelm in Vol. III. pp. 27-29, and Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 345, 346. A large number is given by Segel in his collection in the Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej, pp. 303-306.
[38] In a general way the Judeo-German folksong was treated by I. G. Oršanskij, in his Evrei v Rossii, Očerki ekonomičeskago i obščestvennago byta russkich evreev, St. Petersburg, 1877, 8vo, on pp. 391-402; more specially by J. J. Lerner, Die jüdische Muse, in Hausfreund, Vol. II. pp. 182-198, from which a few songs are quoted here. The most of the songs given here are from my manuscript collection made in Boston and New York among the Russian Jews. In the Urquell folksongs are given in Vol. IV. pp. 119, 120; Vol. V. p. 196; Vol. VI. pp. 43, 158; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 45, 50, 82, 83, 175, 239-242; Vol. II. pp. 27-29, 39, 40. Cf. B. W. Segel, Materyały do etnografti żydów wschodnio-galicyjskich, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej, Vol. XVII. pp. 306-319.
[39] The legend has been admirably treated by the historian, S. A. Beršadskij, in Evrej korol' polskij, in the Voschod, Vol. IX. Nos. 1-5.
[40] The Urquell (see above) gives some children's songs. See also L. Wiener, Aus der russisch-jüdischen Kinderstube, in Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde, herausgegeben von M. Grunwald, Hamburg, 1898, Heft II, pp. 40-49; R. F. Kaindl, Lieder, Neckreime, Abzählverse, Spiele, Geheimsprachen und allerlei Kunterbuntes aus der Kinderwelt, in der Bukowina und in Galizien gesammelt, in Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. VII. pp. 146, 147. In Linetzki's Dās chsidische Jüngel, p. 23, a number of children's songs are mentioned by title.
[41] See the prototype of this song in K. Francke, Social Forces in German Literature, p. 120.