57. Transient words express an element of experience viewed as impermanent, i. e. belonging to some limited portion of time, so sumùsúlat above, as opposed, e. g., to siyà, pulà, panyò, bátaʾ, 15Pédro. Words which are not transient may be called static. Only a few particles are transient; among the full words the transient group is large and important.
d. Personal names.
58. Except in exclamations and in address, names of persons 20(or animals) are distinguished from other words by being always (but see § [78]) preceded by the atonic particle si: Hwàn! Juan! si Hwàn Juan, si Salamìn Glass, Mirror (as name of a dog).
59. Many terms of relationship and titles may be used in place of the name of an individual and then belong to the personal 25name class: aŋ amà the father, aŋ áki ŋ amà my father, but: si Amà Father. Thus are used, further: si Inà Mother, si Tátay Papa, si Nánay Mama, si Kúya or si Kúyaŋ Oldest brother, si Atè Oldest sister, si Iŋkòŋ Grandfather, si Indàʾ or si Impò Grandmother, si Áli or si Tiyà Aunt, si Mámaʾ Uncle; si Bathálaʾ God, but: aŋ 30Dyòs.
So also phrases in which these and other titles as attributes precede a name, see § [256].
60. The particle sinà or silà, pretonic, in place of si forms an expression denoting the person named together with his family 35or group of adherents: sina Hwàn or sila Hwàn Juan and his family or Juan and his crowd. With a series of names sinà implies that those named form a group: si Hwàn, si Andrès, at si Mariyáno Juan, Andrés, and Mariano; sina Hwàn, Andrès, at Mariyáno the group consisting of Juan, Andrés, and Mariano; sina Hwàn, sina Andrès, at sina Mariyáno Juan, Andrés, and Mariano, each with his group.
e. The object construction.
61. When a word or phrase denotes an element of experience 5viewed as an object, it is, with certain exceptions, preceded by the atonic particle aŋ: aŋ bátaʾ the or a child, boy, girl; children, aŋ báhay the, a house; houses, aŋ báyan the, a town, aŋ kabàítan goodness, kindness; an act of kindness, aŋ kataúhan mankind, aŋ pagsúlat the or an act of writing, aŋ mabúte that which 10is good, the best thing.
The following are the exceptions:
62. Personal names preceded by si or sinà (silà) do not take aŋ; they always, of course, denote an object idea. See the examples in § [58] ff.