152. General features of word-formation.
332. Many words are analyzed into (1) recurring affixes, (2) doubling, (3) reduplication, and (4) a recurring unanalyzable element bearing the material meaning, the root. The place of the root may be taken by a word in turn showing derivation by 20these processes, or by a compound word, or even by a phrase. Other words, root-words, contain only the unanalyzable element.
Other modifications affecting the meaning are shifting of the accent toward the end of the word, and the use of secondary accents.
25Modifications not affecting the meaning, but merely accompanying those already named, are sound-variation and retraction of the accent toward the beginning of the word.
The same morphologic elements may be variously distributed; it is most convenient and corresponds most nearly to the speech-feeling 30to describe these differences as though they were due to different successions in which the modifications are applied: sumùsúlat is súlat reduplicated and with infix -um-; but (nag-)tùtumirà is tirà with infix -um-, then reduplicated (plus prefix nag-).
The part of a word to which a modification is (in this sense) 35said to be added will be called the underlying word (or phrase): in sumùsúlat the infix -um- is added to the underlying word sùsúlat, in (nag-)tùtumirà reduplication is added to the underlying word tumirà; in ikasa-m-pùʾ the tenth the prefixes ka- and i- are successively added to the underlying phrase sa m pùʾ ten.
40Roots not actually occurring in this book as independent words will be written with a hyphen prefixed (-káin), except in unmistakable lists of roots.
333. The root. Except for some pronoun forms and particles, the roots have two or more syllables and are almost always 5accented either on the last (oxytone roots) or on the next-to-last (barytone roots): báhay house, kamày hand.
Some disyllabic roots are formed as though a single syllable were repeated: bitbìt, budbòd, buŋbòŋ piece of unsplit bamboo, damdàm, dibdìb chest (part of body), dikdìk, diŋdìŋ (dindìŋ, § [20]), 10gága, hinhìn, ladlàd, laglàg, liŋkìŋ, lublòb, maŋmàŋ, niŋnìŋ, padpàd, paŋpàŋ, pukpòk, satsàt, siksìk, siŋsìŋ, sísi, súso breast, nipple, sutsòt, tadtàd, tiktìk, tiŋtìŋ (tintìŋ), tugtòg, tuktòk, tuŋtòŋ (tuntòŋ), ulòl.
Of the roots of more than two syllables some similarly repeat 15one or two syllables: alaála, babáye (see § [345]), bulaklàk, lipumpòn (beside lípon).