History of Education

by Levi Seeley

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		PAGE
[CHAPTER I]
Introduction		15
	1. Purpose of the history of education. 2. Plan of study. 3. The study of great educators. 4. Modern systems of education. 5. General outline.
[CHAPTER II]
China		20
	1. Geography and history. 2. The home. 3. The elementary school. 4. Higher education. 5. Degrees. 6. Examinations. 7. Criticism of Chinese education. 8. Confucius.
[CHAPTER III]
India		29
	1. Geography and history. 2. The caste system. 3. The home. 4. The elementary school. 5. Higher education. 6. Criticism of Hindu education. 7. Buddha.
[CHAPTER IV]
Persia		36
	1. Geography and history. 2. The home. 3. The State education. 4. Criticism of Persian education. 5. Zoroasater.
[CHAPTER V]
The Jews		40
	1. Geography and history. 2. The home. 3. The Jewish school. 4. Esteem for the teachers. 5. The Schools of the Rabbis. 6. Criticism of Jewish education. 7. The Talmud.
[CHAPTER VI]
Egypt		46
	1. Geography and history. 2. The caste system. 3. The home. 4. Education. 5. Criticism of Egyptian education. 6. General summary of oriental education.
[CHAPTER VII]
Greece		53
	1. Geography and history. 2. Manners and customs. 3. The Olympian games.
[CHAPTER VIII]
Athens		56
	1. Historical. 2. The difference in spirit between Athens and Sparta. 3. The home. 4. Education. 5. The Sophists. 6. Criticism of Athenian education.
[CHAPTER IX]
Athenian Educators		61
	1. Socrates,—life, method, death. 2. Plato,—life, his "Republic," scheme and aim of education. 3. Aristotle,—life, pedagogy, estimate of him.
[CHAPTER X]
Sparta		68
	1. Historical. 2. The home. 3. Education. 4. Criticism of Spartan education. 5. Lycurgus. 6. Pythagoras.
[CHAPTER XI]
Rome		74
	1. The Age of Augustus. 2. Geography and history. 3. The home. 4. Education,—elementary, secondary, higher. 5. Criticism of Roman education.
[CHAPTER XII]
Roman Educators		81
	1. Cicero,—life, philosoophy, pedagogy. 2. Seneca,—the teacher of Nero, great orator, writer, etc., pedagogical writings. 3. Quintilian,—his school, his "Institutes of Oratory," pedagogical principles. 4. Plutarch and Marcus Aurelius.
[CHAPTER XIII]
Christian Education—Introduction		89
	1. General view. 2. New principles introduced by Christianity. 3. Importance of the individual. 4. Obstacles which the early Christians had to meet. 5. Slow growth of Christian education.
[CHAPTER XIV]
The Great Teacher		96
	1. Life and character. 2. Impression which Christ made. 3. His work as a teacher. 4. An example of pedagogical practice.
[CHAPTER XV]
General View of the First Period of Christian Education		101
	1. The period covered. 2. The connection of the Church with education. 3. The monasteries. 4. Influence of the crusades. 5. Of the Teutonic peoples.
[CHAPTER XVI]
The First Christian Schools		104
	1. The catechumen schools. 2. Chrysostom. 3. Basil the Great. 4. The catechetical schools. 5. Clement of Alexandria. 6. Origen.
[CHAPTER XVII]
Conflict between Pagan and Christian Education		111
	1. General discussion. 2. Tertullian. 3. Saint Augustine. 4. Augustine's pedagogy.
[CHAPTER XVIII]
Monastic Education		116
	1. Monasteries. 2. The Benedictines. 3. The seven liberal arts. 4. Summary of benefits conferred by the monasteries.
[CHAPTER XIX]
Scholasticism		121
	1. Its character. 2. Its influence. 3. Summary of its benefits.
[CHAPTER XX]
Charlemagne		125
	1. History, character, and purpose. 2. Personal education. 3. General educational plans. 4. Summary of Charlemagne's work.
[CHAPTER XXI]
Alfred the Great		130
	1. History and character. 2. Educational work.
[CHAPTER XXII]
Feudal Education		132
	1. Character of the knights. 2. Three periods into which their education was divided. 3. Education of women. 4. Criticism of feudal education.
[CHAPTER XXIII]
The Crusades as an Educational Movement		136
	1. Causes of the crusades. 2. The most important crusades. 3. Summary of their educational value.
[CHAPTER XXIV]
The Rise of the Universities		139
	1. What led to their establishment. 2. The most important early universities. 3. Their privileges. 4. Their influence.
[CHAPTER XXV]
Mohammedan Education		143
	1. History of Mohammedanism. 2. The five Moslem precepts. 3. Education. 4. What the Mohammedans accomplished for science. 5. General summary of education during the Middle Ages.
[CHAPTER XXVI]
The Renaissance		148
	1. The great revival. 2. Principles proclaimed. 3. The movement in Italy. 4. In Germany. 5. Summary of the benefits of the Renaissance to education.
[CHAPTER XXVII]
Humanistic Educators		155
	1. Revival of the classics—their purpose. 2. Dante. 3. Petrarch. 4. Boccaccio. 5. Agricola. 6. Reuchlin. 7. Erasmus. 8. Pedagogy of Erasmus.
[CHAPTER XXVIII]
The Reformation as an Educational Influence		164
	1. Conditions at the beginning of the sixteenth century. 2. The invention of printing. 3. The rulers of the leading countries. 4. Intellectual conditions. 5. Luther. 6. Luther's pedagogy. 7. Melanchthon.
[CHAPTER XXIX]
Other Protestant Educators		174
	1. Sturm. 2. The Gymnasium at Strasburg. 3. The celebrated course of study. 4. Trotzendorf. 5. Neander.
[CHAPTER XXX]
The Jesuits and their Education		182
	1. The order. 2. Loyola. 3. Growth of the society. 4. Jesuit education. 5. Use of emulation. 6. Estimate of their educational work. 7. Summary. 8. The Port Royalists.
[CHAPTER XXXI]
Other Educators of the Sixteenth Century		190
	1. Roger Ascham. 2. Double translating. 3. Rabelais. 4. First appearance of realism in instruction. 5. Montaigne. 6. Summary of progress during the sixteenth century.
[CHAPTER XXXII]
Education during the Seventeenth Century		200
	1. Political and historical conditions. 2. The educational situation. 3. Compulsory education. 4. The Innovators.
[CHAPTER XXXIII]
Educators of the Seventeenth Century		205
	1. Bacon. 2. The inductive method. 3. Ratke. 4. His pedagogy. 5. Comenius. 6. The "Orbis Pictus." 7. Summary of his work. 8. Milton. 9 . Locke. 10. Fénelon. 11. His pedagogy. 12. La Salle land the brothers of the Christian schools. 13. Rollin. 14. Summary of the educational progress of the seventeenth century.
[CHAPTER XXXIV]
Francke and the Pietists		231
	1. Pietism. 2. Francke. 3. The Institutions at Halle. 4. The training of teachers. 5. The Real-school.
[CHAPTER XXXV]
General View of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries		237
	1. The abolition of slavery. 2. The extension of political rights. 3. Science as an instrument of civilization. 4. Religious freedom.
[CHAPTER XXXVI]
Modern Educators—Rousseau		241
	1. Life. 2. Pedagogy. 3. The "Émile."
[CHAPTER XXXVII]
Modern Educators—Basedow		250
	1. Life. 2. The Philanthropin. 3. Writings. 4. Jacotot.
[CHAPTER XXXVIII]
Modern Educators—Pestalozzi		257
	1. Childhood. 2. Schooling. 3. Life purpose. 4. The Christian ministry. 5. The law. 6. Farming. 7. Marriage. 8. At Neuhof. 9. Authorship. 10. At Stanz. 11. At Burgdorf. 12. At Yverdon. 13. Summary of Pestalozzi's work.
[CHAPTER XXXIX]
Modern Educators—Froebel		272
	1. Life. 2. As teacher. 3. His first school. 4. The kindergarten. 5. The "Education of Man."
[CHAPTER XL]
Modern Educators—Herbart		278
	1. Life. 2. Experience as a tutor. 3. As a university professor. 4. His practice school in the university. 5. Writings. 6. His pedagogical work. 7. Work of modern Herbartians.
[CHAPTER XLI]
Modern Educators—Horace Mann		284
	1. Life. 2. Work as a statesman. 3. As an educator. 4. His Seventh Annual Report. 5. Love for the common schools.
[CHAPTER XLII]
The School System of Germany		289
	1. Administration. 2. School attendance. 3. The schools. 4. Support of schools. 5. The teachers.
[CHAPTER XLIII]
The School System of France		296
	1. Administration. 2. School attendance. 3. The schools. 4. Support of schools. 5. The teachers.
[CHAPTER XLIV]
The School System of England		304
	1. Administration. 2. School attendance. 3. The schools. 4. Support of schools. 5. The teachers.
[CHAPTER XLV]
The School System of the United States		309
	1. No national system. 2. State systems—Administration. 3. School attendance. 4. The schools. 5. Support of schools. 6. The teachers.
[APPENDIX]
Recent Educational Movements		315
	1. The National Educational Association. 2. The National Bureau of Education. 3. The Quincy Movement. 4. The Herbartian Movement. 5. Child Study. 6. Parents' Meetings. 7. Manual and Industrial Training. 8. Material Improvements.

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HISTORY OF EDUCATION

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The history of education begins with the childhood of the race, and traces its intellectual development step by step to the present time. As such history is academic in character, and furnishes information concerning the educational systems, methods, theories, and practices of the past, it should be placed early in the professional pedagogical course, to serve as the foundation for an improved educational science which profits by the experience of mankind. The history of education presents many of the great problems that have interested thoughtful men, shows how some of these have been solved, and points the way to the solution of others. It studies educational systems, selecting the good, and rejecting the bad, and introducing the student directly to the pedagogical questions that have influenced the world. For these reasons, the study of education should begin with its history.