Univ. “men”; m = honest; x = my sons; y = treated with respect.


“No x are m′;
All m are y.”


∴ “No x are y′.”

i.e. “No son of mine ever fails to be treated with respect.”

(2) [see [p. 61]]

“All cats understand French;
Some chickens are cats”.

Univ. “creatures”; m = cats; x = understanding French; y = chickens.


“All m are x;
Some y are m.”


∴ “Some y are x.”

i.e. “Some chickens understand French.”

(3) [see [p. 62]]

“All diligent students are successful;
All ignorant students are unsuccessful”.