LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

ANCIENT BRITISH OR CELTIC PERIOD.
Fig.Page
[Gib Hill Tumulus. (Frontispiece.)]
2[Section of Grave-mound, Lord’s Down, Dewlish, Dorset]8
3[Section of Grave-mound, Gib Hill, Derbyshire]9
4[Section of Grave-mound, with two modes of interment by cremation]10
5[Section of Grave-mound, with inverted urn]10
6[Interment, Smerril Moor]12
7[Interment, Tissington]13
8[Interment, Roundway Hill]14
9[Interment, Hitter Hill]15
10[Plan of Barrow, showing interments, Hitter Hill]17
11[Interments, Hitter Hill]18
12[Interments, Hitter Hill]20
13[Skull, Hitter Hill]21
14[Plan, with interments, Swinscoe]23
15[Interment, sitting position, Parcelly Hay]26
16[Interment, sitting position, Monsal Dale]28
17[Plan of Barrow, with interments, Monsal Dale]29
18[Plan of Barrow, with interments, Cressbrook]30
19[Section of Barrow]32
20[Stone Cist, Baslow Moor]33
21[Section of Barrow]33
22[Inverted Urn, with burnt bones, Wardlow]34
23[Plan of Long-Low]36
24[Stone Cist, Long-Low]38
25[Skull, Long-Low]39
26[Skull, Long-Low]39
27[Mode of construction, Long-Low]40
28[Stone Cist, Middleton Moor]41
29[Stone Cist, Liff’s-Low]42
30[Stone Cist, Gib Hill]43
31[Portion of woollen garment, Scale House]45
32[Tree-coffin, Gristhorpe]48
33[Tree-coffin, Gristhorpe]48
34[Dagger, etc., Gristhorpe]49
35[Flint, etc., Gristhorpe]49
36[Tree-coffin, boat shape]49
37[Cromlech, Lanyon]52
38[Cromlech, Lanyon plan]52
39[Cromlech, Chun]53
40[Cromlech, Chun plan]53
41[Cromlech, Plas Newydd]54
42[Minning-Low, plan]55
43[New Grange, general view]56
44[New Grange, entrance to passage]57
45[Dowth, general view]58
46[Dowth, entrance to passage]58
47[Cromlech, Knockeen]59
48[Cromlech, Knockeen plan]59
49[Cromlech, Gaulstown]60
50[Cromlech, Gaulstown plan]60
51[Cromlech, Ballynageerah]61
52[Cromlech, Ballynageerah]62
53[Cromlech, Ballynageerah plan]62
54[Cromlech, L’Ancresse]63
55[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, south entrance]64
56[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, opening in north chamber]65
57[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, plan of chamber]65
58[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones]65
59[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones]66
60[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones]66
61[Chambered Tumulus, Gavr Innis, carved stones]67
62[Chambered Tumulus, Stony Littleton]68
63[Chambered Tumulus, Stony Littleton plan]58
64[Chambered Tumulus, Five Wells, Taddington]69
65[Chambered Tumulus, Five Wells, Taddington plan]69
66[Flax Dale Barrow, plan]72
67[Section, Elk-Low]73
68[Stone Circle, “Nine Ladies,” Stanton Moor]73
69[Stone Circle, “Nine Ladies,” Stanton Moor plan]74
70[Stone Circle, construction of]75
71[Stone Circle, Sancreed]76
72[Stone Circle,]76
73[Stone Circle, Isle of Man]76
74[Stone Circle, Trewavas Head]77
75[Stone Circle, Mule Hill]77
76[Stone Circle, Channel Islands]78
77[Stone Circle, with “twin barrow”]78
78[Stone Circle, with “twin barrow”]79
79[Stone Circle, construction]79
80[Stone Circle, Boscawen-un]80
81[Stone Circle, Aber]80
82[Stone Circle, Berriew]81
83[Stone Circle, Penmaenmaur]81
84[Stone Circle, Arbor-Low, Derbyshire]82
85[Pottery—fragment, Darwen]86
86[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Monsal Dale]87
87[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Ballidon Moor]88
88[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Ballidon Moor in situ]88
89[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Trentham]89
90[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Darwen]90
91[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Dorsetshire]91
92[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Dorsetshire]91
93[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Darley Dale]92
94[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Stone]93
95[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Cleatham]93
96[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Cleatham]93
97[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Calais Wold, Yorkshire]94
98[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Darley Dale]95
99[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Tredinney]96
100[Pottery—Cinerary Urn, Morvah]96
101[Pottery—Food vessel, Trentham]97
102[Pottery—Food vessel, Fimber]98
103[Pottery—Food vessel, Hitter Hill]98
104[Pottery—Food vessel, Hitter Hill]99
105[Pottery—Food vessel, Monsal Dale]100
106[Pottery—Food vessel, Fimber]100
107[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Fimber]102
108[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Hay Top, Monsal Dale]102
109[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Grind-Low]102
110[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Elk-Low]103
111[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Elk-Low bottom]104
112[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Roundway Hill]104
113[Pottery—Drinking-cup, Gospel Hillock]105
114[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
115[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
116[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
117[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
118[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
119[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
120[Pottery—Incense cup, Dorsetshire]106
121[Pottery—Incense cup, Yorkshire]106
122[Pottery—Incense cup, Stanton Moor]107
123[Pottery—Incense cup, Baslow]107
124[Pottery—Incense cup, Dorsetshire]107
125[Pottery—Incense cup, Darley Dale]107
126[Pottery—Handled vessel, Yorkshire]108
127[Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy]110
128[Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy]110
129[Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy]110
130[Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy]110
131[Stone celts, Royal Irish Academy]110
132[Stone celt, Derbyshire example]110
133[Stone hammer-head, Wollaton]111
134[Stone celt, Derbyshire example]112
135[Stone hammer-head, Winster]112
136[Stone hammer-head, Cambridgeshire]112
137[Stone hammer-head, Trentham]112
138[Stone hammer-head, Dorsetshire]113
139[Stone mauls, Royal Irish Academy]113
140[Stone mauls, Royal Irish Academy]113
141[Stone mauls, Royal Irish Academy]113
142[Stone hammer-head, Mickleover]113
143[Triturating stones]114
144[Triturating stones]114
145[Spindle whorl]115
146[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
147[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
148[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
149[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
150[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
151[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
153[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
146[Flint arrow-heads, Greenlow and other places in Derbyshire]116
154[Flint, Green-Low]117
155[Flint, Arbor-Low]118
156[Flint, Calais Wold]119
157[Flint, Calais Wold]119
158[Flint, Gunthorpe]119
159[Flint, Ringham-Low]119
160[Flint, Calais Wold]119
161[Flint, Calais Wold]119
162[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
163[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
164[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
165[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
166[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
167[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
168[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
169[Flint, Derbyshire examples]120-122
170[Flint celt, Gospel Hillock]122
171[Necklace of jet, Middleton Moor]123
172[Necklace of jet and bone]124
173[Necklace of jet, Fimber]125
174[Jet studs, Gospel Hillock]126
175[Jet studs, Calais Wold]126
176[Jet pendant, Derbyshire]126
177[Bone implement, Green-Low]126
178[Bone implement, Thor’s Cave, etc.]127
179[Bone implement, Thor’s Cave, etc.]127
180[Bone implement, Thor’s Cave, etc.]127
181[Bone implement, Thor’s Cave, etc.]127
182[Bone pendant, Arbor-Low]127
183[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]128
184[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]129
185[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]129
186[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]129
187[Bronze celt, Moot-Low]129
188[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
189[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
190[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
191[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
192[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
193[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
194[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
195[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
196[Bronze celt, Royal Irish Academy]131
197[Bronze socketed celt, Kirk Ireton]131
198[Bronze dagger, Bottisham]132
199[Coin, Mount Batten]133
200[Coin, Mount Batten]133
201[Coin, Mount Batten]133
202[Coin, Mount Batten]133
203[Coin, Mount Batten]133
204[Coin, Birkhill]133
205[Coin, Blandford]133
ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD.
206[Cist of stone, York]144
207[Leaden coffin, Colchester]144
208[Leaden coffin, Bishopstoke]145
209[Clay coffin, Aldborough]145
210[Chest of stone, with pottery, etc., Avisford]147
211[Tomb of tiles, York]148
212[Potter’s kiln, Castor]152
213[Pottery, Headington]154
214[Pottery, Headington]154
215[Pottery, Headington]154
216[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, scroll ornaments]155
217[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, scroll ornaments]157
218[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, scroll ornaments]157
219[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, scroll ornaments]157
220[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, hare hunting]157
221[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, hare hunting]158
222[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, hare hunting]158
223[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, stag hunting]158
224[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, stag hunting]158
225[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, stag hunting]159
226[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, indented urn]161
227[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, cup]161
228[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, indented urn]161
229[Pottery, Durobrivian ware, indented urn]161
230[Pottery, Upchurch ware, group of vessels]163
231[Pottery, Upchurch ware, urn]164
232[Pottery, Salopian ware, group of vessels]166
233[Pottery, group, Headington]167
234[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Toot Hill]167
235[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Little Chester]168
236[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Leicester]168
237[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Little Chester]169
238[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn,]169
239[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn,]169
240[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, London]170
241[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Water Newton]170
242[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, London]170
243[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Leicester]170
244[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Winchester]170
245[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Castor]170
246[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Water Newton]170
247[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Castor]170
248[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, Castor]171
249[Pottery, Sepulchral Urn, London]171
250[Pottery, Amphora London]172
251[Pottery, Amphora London]172
252[Pottery, Amphora London]172
253[Pottery, Amphora London]172
254[Pottery, Mortarium London]171
255[Pottery, group, Headington]173
256[Pottery, Headington]173
257[Pottery, Headington]173
258[Pottery, Headington]173
259[Pottery, various localities]174
259[Pottery, various localities]174
259[Pottery, various localities]174
260[Pottery, various localities]174
261[Pottery, various localities]174
262[Pottery, various localities]174
263[Pottery, various localities]174
264[Pottery, various localities]174
265[Pottery, various localities]174
266[Pottery, various localities]174
267[Pottery, Samian ware, cup, Leicester]175
268[to 275 Potters’ marks]176
276[Potters’ stamp]177
277[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, London]178
278[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, Arezzo]179
279[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, Arezzo]179
280[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, London]179
281[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, London]180
282[Pottery, Samian ware, patera London]180
283[Pottery, Samian ware, foliage]181
284[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, Castor]182
285[Pottery, Samian ware, bacchanalian scene]182
286[Pottery, Samian ware, bowl, Castor]183
287[Pottery, Samian ware, Cologne]183
288[to 291 Samian ware, cups, etc., London]184
292[Glass, sepulchral vessel, Bartlow Hills]185
293[Glass, bowl, Leicester]186
294[to 297 Glass beads]186
298[Glass beads, etc.]187
299[Sword, Lough Lea]191
300[Sword, Lincolnshire]191
301[Spear or lance-head, Little Chester]190
302[Spear or lance-head, Hartshay]190
303[Spear or lance-head, Wardlow]192
304[Arrow-head, bronze]192
305[Knife]192
306[Knife Wetton]193
307[Fibula, Waleby]194
308[Fibula, Elton]194
309[Fibula, Monsal Dale]194
310[to 315 Fibulæ, various localities]194
316[Fibula, Royal Irish Academy]194
317[Fibula, Little Chester]194
318[Fibula, Bottisham]195
319[Fibula, Elton]195
320[Fibula, Hoylake]195
321[Armillæ, Stony Middleton]196
322[Torques, Needwood Forest]198
323[Torques, Royal Irish Academy]199
324[Horse-shoe, lamp, and fibulæ, Gloucester]201
ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD.
325[Plan of interment, Lapwing Dale]209
326[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Kingston]215
327[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, North Elmham]217
328[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Chestersovers]217
329[Pottery, drinking vessel]217
330[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Selzen]221
331[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Londinières]221
332[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Selzen]221
333[Pottery, Cinerary Urns, Londinières]221
334[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Cologne]221
335[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Pfahlbau]223
336[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Pfahlbau]223
337[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Pfahlbau]223
338[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Pfahlbau]223
339[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]222
340[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]222
341[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]224
342[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]224
343[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]224
344[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]225
345[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]225
346[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]225
347[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]226
348[Pottery, Cinerary Urn, Kings Newton]226
349[Pottery, notched stick]227
350[Pottery, notched stick]227
351[Pottery, punctured ornament, Kings Newton]227
352[Pottery, cup, Kings Newton]227
353[Glass tumblers]229
354[Glass tumblers]229
355[Glass tumblers]229
356[Ale-glasses]229
357[Ale-glasses]229
358[Glass cups]229
359[Cup-bearer, with ale-glass]230
360[Cellarer, with barrels and pitchers]230
361[Banquet]231
362[Glasses, decanter shape]231
363[Glasses, decanter shape]231
364[Ale-glasses]232
365[Ale-glasses]232
366[Ale-glasses]232
367[Glass and clay beads]233
368[Glass and clay beads]233
369[Glass and clay beads]233
370[Glass and amber necklace]234
371[Glass Bead and ring]235
372[Sword, Tissington]237
373[Sword, Grimthorpe]237
374[Sword, Grimthorpe guard]237
375[Sword, Grimthorpe chape]237
376[to 390 Swords, from illuminated MSS.]239
391[Swordsman with shield and sword]240
392[to 396 Knives or daggers, Kentish graves]242
397[to 403 Spear-heads, Kentish graves, etc.]244
404[Spears, from illuminated MSS.]244
405[Shield plates, etc., Grimthorpe]246
406[Umbone of shield, Kentish graves]247
407[Umbone of shield, Kentish graves]247
408[Umbone of shield, Tissington]247
409[to 416 Shields, from illuminated MSS.]248
417[to 428 Buckles, from Kentish graves]249, 250
429[Drinking-cup, Benty Grange]251
430[Enamelled ornaments, etc., Benty Grange]251
431[Helmet, Benty Grange]253
432[Ornaments, Benty Grange]253
433[Plan of interment, Barlaston]259
434[Bronze ring, Barlaston]259
435[Enamelled disc, Barlaston]260
436[Enamelled disc, Middleton Moor]261
437[Enamelled ornament, Middleton Moor]262
438[Enamelled ornament, Royal Irish Academy]262
439[Bronze disc and rivets, Grimthorpe]263
440[Horse-shoe, Berkshire]264
441[Horse-shoe, Berkshire]264
442[Plan of interment, Rhine]265
443[Fibula, Kingston Down]267
444[Fibula, Winster Moor]269
445[Pendant cross, Winster Moor]269
446[Fibula, Sittingbourne]270
447[Fibula, Wingham]270
448[Fibula, Kent]270
449[Fibula, Stowe Heath]271
450[Fibula, Ingarsby]271
451[Fibula, Northamptonshire]272
452[Fibula, Stow Heath]272
453[Fibula, Royal Irish Academy]272
454[Fibula, Royal Irish Academy]273
455[Fibula, Royal Irish Academy]273
456[Fibula, Westmoreland]274
457[Fibula, Bonsall]275
458[Fibula, Bonsall]276
459[Fibula, Westmoreland]277
460[Bucket, Northamptonshire]281
461[Bucket, Fairford]281
462[Bucket, Envermeu]282
463[Drinking-cup, Sibertswold]283
464[Drinking-cup, Sibertswold]283
465[Bronze bowl, Over-Haddon]284
466[Bronze box, etc., Church Sterndale]285
467[Bronze ornament, Church Sterndale]285
468[Bronze box, Newhaven]286
469[Comb, Royal Irish Academy]287
470[Comb, Kent]287
471[Comb, Thames]288
472[Comb, Arica]288
473[Comb, Arica]288
474[Comb, Indian scalp]288
475[Comb, Tweezers, Leicestershire]289
476[Châtelaines, Kent]290
477[Latch-keys (?) Ozengall]291
478[Girdle suspenders, Wilbraham]291
479[Girdle suspenders, Searby]291
480[Hair-pin, Searby]292
481[Hair-pin, Royal Irish Academy]292
482[Hair-pin, Royal Irish Academy]292
483[Hair-pin, Royal Irish Academy]292
484[Draughtmen, Cold Eaton]294
485[Dice, Gilton]295
486[Quern, Winster]295
487[Quern, Kings Newton]296
488[Triturating stones]296
489[Triturating stones]296

INTRODUCTION.

The object of the following work is, I apprehend, so obvious as to render an introduction scarcely needful. It may be well, however, to remark, that it is the only work of its kind which has ever been issued, and that therefore, taking a stand of its own, and following no other either in plan or treatment of its subject, it is hoped that it will command the attention of antiquaries and of all who are interested in the history and the manners and habits of our early forefathers.

It has long appeared to me that a general résumé of the almost endless store of knowledge presented by the very varied relics of the grave-mounds of the three great divisions of our history—the Celtic, the Romano-British, and the Anglo-Saxon—kept distinct from the histories of those peoples, and from extraneous matters, and treating them more in a general than in an ethnological manner, could not fail to be a useful addition to our archæological literature, and would prove of great value and convenience to the general reader, as well as to the antiquary and the historian. Thus it is that I have been induced to prepare the present volume.

I have treated my subject in a popular manner, divesting it of technicalities, of theories, and of discursive matter, and have endeavoured, as far as space would permit, to give, simply and clearly, as correct an insight as possible into the modes of burial adopted in early times in our own country, and into the various remains of different races which an examination of their grave-mounds discloses.

Having great faith in the usefulness of engravings, and believing that, if judiciously introduced, a work of the kind cannot be too profusely illustrated, I have brought together in my present volume a larger number of engravings than could well have been expected; and these, I trust, will add much to its usefulness and value. To all my kind friends who have aided me in this matter I give my hearty thanks.

The work may have some, perhaps many, defects. If such exist, I shall be thankful to have them pointed out, and to remedy them in a future edition.

LLEWELLYNN JEWITT.

Winster Hall,
Derbyshire.